<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.4.049-057</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-1558</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭПОХА ПАЛЕОМЕТАЛЛА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Okunev Statues at Mount Uitag, Khakassia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-8914</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher</p><p>pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogdanov@archaeology.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>50</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Bogdanov E.S., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Bogdanov E.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bogdanov E.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/1558">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/1558</self-uri><abstract><p>This article presents two new steles discovered in 2021 during rescue archaeological works in the Askizsky District of the Republic of Khakassia. Both steles were part of Tagar funerary enclosures. One is a slab of Devonian sandstone with an anthropomorphic mask on its broad side. It was adjacent to the southern wall of the enclosure at Skalnaya-6 mound 1. Only the outline of the head in the chin region has been preserved, as well as the mouth, modeled as a depression, and three transverse lines Ьetween the nose and the mouth. The other stele, made of red sandstone, Ьears a human-like profile in the lower part, carved on the edge and extending to lateral sides. This stele, unusually well preserved, was part of the northern wall of the enclosure of Uitag-3 mound 5. The article describes and interprets this laconic, realistic image of a "male shaman" wearing a three-eyed animal mask and high headgear. The two Uitag slaЬs differ in the placement of the face (on the broad side in one case, and on the lateral sides in the other). However, the pecking technique and the method of rendering the facial features are the same. The general stylistic manner makes it possible to attribute Ьoth artifacts to a single cultural and chronological horizon-that of the Early 0kunev culture. None of the sculptures has exact matches, but in terms of style, composition, and semantics they resemble those with realistic images in relief extending from one side of the slab to another. The fragment of the statue from Uitag-3 mound 5 is the earliest realistic representation of a mask, which can possibly be used as a reference for researchers.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Minusinsk steppe</kwd><kwd>Okunev art</kwd><kwd>mythology</kwd><kwd>statues</kwd><kwd>steles</kwd><kwd>masks</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was performed under the R&amp;D Project “Comprehensive Studies of the Ancient Cultures of Siberia and Adjacent Territories: Chronology, Technologies, Adaptation, and Cultural Ties" (FWZG-2022-0006).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aspelin J.R. 1931 Alt-Altaische Kunstdenkmäler: Briefe und Bildmaterial von J.R. Aspelins Reisen in Sibirien und der Mongolei 1887-1889, H. Appelgren-Kivalo (ed.). Helsingfors: K.F. Puromies Buchdruckerei.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aspelin J.R. 1931 Alt-Altaische Kunstdenkmäler: Briefe und Bildmaterial von J.R. Aspelins Reisen in Sibirien und der Mongolei 1887-1889, H. Appelgren-Kivalo (ed.). Helsingfors: K.F. Puromies Buchdruckerei.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avdeev A.D. 1957 Maska. (Opyt tipologicheskoy klassifikatsii po etnograficheskim materialam). SMAE, vol. 17: 232-346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev A.D. 1957 Maska. (Opyt tipologicheskoy klassifikatsii po etnograficheskim materialam). SMAE, vol. 17: 232-346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogdanov E.S., Timoshchenko A.A. 2021 Kulturniy palimpsest v kurgane No. 5 mogilnika Uitag-3 (Respublika Khakasiya). In ProЬlemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXVII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 895-901.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov E.S., Timoshchenko A.A. 2021 Kulturniy palimpsest v kurgane No. 5 mogilnika Uitag-3 (Respublika Khakasiya). In ProЬlemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXVII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 895-901.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogdanov E.S., Timoshchenko A.A., Ivanova A.S. 2021 Arkheologicheskiye raskopki na mogilnikakh “Skalnaya” v 2021 godu (Respublika Khakasiya). In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXVII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 878-887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov E.S., Timoshchenko A.A., Ivanova A.S. 2021 Arkheologicheskiye raskopki na mogilnikakh “Skalnaya” v 2021 godu (Respublika Khakasiya). In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXVII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 878-887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devlet M.A. 1997 Okunevskiye antropomorfniye lichiny v ryadu naskalnykh izobrazheniy Severnoy i Tsentralnoy Azii. In Okunevskiy sbornik. Kultura. Iskusstvo. Antropologiya, D.G. Savinov, M.L. Podolsky (eds.). St. Petersburg: Petro-Rif, pp. 240-250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devlet M.A. 1997 Okunevskiye antropomorfniye lichiny v ryadu naskalnykh izobrazheniy Severnoy i Tsentralnoy Azii. In Okunevskiy sbornik. Kultura. Iskusstvo. Antropologiya, D.G. Savinov, M.L. Podolsky (eds.). St. Petersburg: Petro-Rif, pp. 240-250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esin Y.N. 2009 Taina bogov drevney stepi. Krasnoyarsk: Polikor.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esin Y.N. 2009 Taina bogov drevney stepi. Krasnoyarsk: Polikor.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gryaznov M.P. 1950 Minusinskiye kamenniye baby v svyazi s nekotorymi novymi materialami. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, vol. XII: 128-156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gryaznov M.P. 1950 Minusinskiye kamenniye baby v svyazi s nekotorymi novymi materialami. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, vol. XII: 128-156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gryaznov M.P., Schneider E.R. 1929 Drevniye izvayaniya Minusinskikh stepei. In Materialy po etnografii, vol. IV (2). Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 63-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gryaznov M.P., Schneider E.R. 1929 Drevniye izvayaniya Minusinskikh stepei. In Materialy po etnografii, vol. IV (2). Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 63-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiselev S.V. 1962 K izucheniyu minusinskikh kamennykh izvayaniy. In Istoriko-arkheologicheskiy sbornik. Moscow: Izd. Mosk. Gos. Univ., pp. 53-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiselev S.V. 1962 K izucheniyu minusinskikh kamennykh izvayaniy. In Istoriko-arkheologicheskiy sbornik. Moscow: Izd. Mosk. Gos. Univ., pp. 53-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzmin N.Y. 1995 Nekotoriye itogi i problemy izucheniya tesinskikh pogrebalnykh pamyatnikov Khakasii. In Yuzhnaya Sibir v drevnosti. St. Petersburg: Izd. IIMK RAN, pp. 151-162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmin N.Y. 1995 Nekotoriye itogi i problemy izucheniya tesinskikh pogrebalnykh pamyatnikov Khakasii. In Yuzhnaya Sibir v drevnosti. St. Petersburg: Izd. IIMK RAN, pp. 151-162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyzlasov L.R. 1986 Drevneishaya Khakasiya. Moscow: Izd. Mosk. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kyzlasov L.R. 1986 Drevneishaya Khakasiya. Moscow: Izd. Mosk. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leontiev N.V. 1978 Antropomorfniye izobrazheniya okunevskoy kultury (problemy khronologii i semantiki). In Sibir, Tsentralnaya i Vostochnaya Aziya v drevnosti. Neolit i epokha metalla, V.E. Larichev (ed.). Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 88-118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leontiev N.V. 1978 Antropomorfniye izobrazheniya okunevskoy kultury (problemy khronologii i semantiki). In Sibir, Tsentralnaya i Vostochnaya Aziya v drevnosti. Neolit i epokha metalla, V.E. Larichev (ed.). Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 88-118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leontiev N.V., Kapelko V.F., Esin Y.N. 2006 Izvayaniya i stely okunevskoy kultury. Abakan: Khak. kn. izd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leontiev N.V., Kapelko V.F., Esin Y.N. 2006 Izvayaniya i stely okunevskoy kultury. Abakan: Khak. kn. izd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machinsky D.A. 1997 Unikalniy sakralniy tsentr III – ser. I tys. do n.e. v Khakassko-Minusinskoy kotlovine. In Okunevskiy sbornik. Kultura. Iskusstvo. Antropologiya, D.G. Savinov, M.L. Podolsky (eds.). St. Petersburg: Petro-Rif, pp. 265-287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machinsky D.A. 1997 Unikalniy sakralniy tsentr III – ser. I tys. do n.e. v Khakassko-Minusinskoy kotlovine. In Okunevskiy sbornik. Kultura. Iskusstvo. Antropologiya, D.G. Savinov, M.L. Podolsky (eds.). St. Petersburg: Petro-Rif, pp. 265-287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Messerschmidt D.G. 1962 Forschungsreise durch Sibirien (1720-1727): Tagebuchaufzeichnungen. Vol. 1: 1721-1722. Vol. 2: Januar 1723-Mai 1724. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Messerschmidt D.G. 1962 Forschungsreise durch Sibirien (1720-1727): Tagebuchaufzeichnungen. Vol. 1: 1721-1722. Vol. 2: Januar 1723-Mai 1724. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molodin V.I. 2019 Derevyanniye maski kultury syaokhe. In Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury, No. 2. Moscow, Magnitogorsk, Novosibirsk: [s.n.], pp. 7-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodin V.I. 2019 Derevyanniye maski kultury syaokhe. In Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury, No. 2. Moscow, Magnitogorsk, Novosibirsk: [s.n.], pp. 7-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Podolsky M.L. 1997 Ovladeniye beskonechnostyu (opyt tipologicheskogo podkhoda k okunevskomu iskusstvu). In Okunevskiy sbornik. Kultura. Iskusstvo. Antropologiya, D.G. Savinov, M.L. Podolsky (eds.). St. Petersburg: Petro-Rif, pp. 168-201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podolsky M.L. 1997 Ovladeniye beskonechnostyu (opyt tipologicheskogo podkhoda k okunevskomu iskusstvu). In Okunevskiy sbornik. Kultura. Iskusstvo. Antropologiya, D.G. Savinov, M.L. Podolsky (eds.). St. Petersburg: Petro-Rif, pp. 168-201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadetskaya E.B. 1967 Drevniye idoly Yeniseya. Leningrad: Nauka, 1967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadetskaya E.B. 1967 Drevniye idoly Yeniseya. Leningrad: Nauka, 1967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadetskaya E.B. 1983 Problema interpretatsii okunevskikh izvayaniy. In Plastika i risunki drevnikh kultur, R.S. Vasilyevsky (ed.). Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 86-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadetskaya E.B. 1983 Problema interpretatsii okunevskikh izvayaniy. In Plastika i risunki drevnikh kultur, R.S. Vasilyevsky (ed.). Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 86-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadetskaya E.B., Leontiev N.V., Maksimenkov G.A. 1980 Pamyatniki okunevskoy kultury. Leningrad: Nauka. Zotkina L.V., Sutugin S.V., Postnikov N.V., Bogdanov E.S., Timoshchenko A.A. 2021 Metodika dokumentirovaniya naskalnykh izobrazheniy v kurgannykh konstruktsiyakh: Na primere pamyatnika Skalnaya-5 (Askizskiy rayon, Respublika Khakasiya). In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXVII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 966-973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadetskaya E.B., Leontiev N.V., Maksimenkov G.A. 1980 Pamyatniki okunevskoy kultury. Leningrad: Nauka. Zotkina L.V., Sutugin S.V., Postnikov N.V., Bogdanov E.S., Timoshchenko A.A. 2021 Metodika dokumentirovaniya naskalnykh izobrazheniy v kurgannykh konstruktsiyakh: Na primere pamyatnika Skalnaya-5 (Askizskiy rayon, Respublika Khakasiya). In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXVII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 966-973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
