nscArchaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of EurasiaАрхеология, этнография и антропология Евразии1563-0110IAET SB RAS10.17746/1563-0110.2023.51.1.018-032nsc-1629Research ArticlePALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGEПАЛЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ. КАМЕННЫЙ ВЕКThe Earliest Paleolithic Assemblages from Denisova Cave in the AltaiShunkovM. V.

Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090

shunkov77@gmail.comKozlikinM. B.

Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090

kmb777@yandex.ruInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation2023060420235111832Copyright © Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B., 20232023Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B.Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/1629

The article presents the results of multidisciplinary studies of the Early Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the lower part of the Denisova Cave Pleistocene sequence in the East Chamber and the Main Chamber of the cave. Data on geochronology, small and large vertebrate fauna, palynology, stratigraphy and micromorphology of sediments containing the earliest archaeological fi nds at the site, as well as on petrography, traceology and archaeozoology are presented. We des cribe human fossils and aDNA studies based on them. These materials demonstrate that the fi rst inhabitants of the cave and those associated with the Early Middle Paleolithic traditions were Denisovans. On the basis of the collection, which includes over 35,000 artifacts, the technology and typology of the Denisova industry are reconstructed. We focus on the comparison of the Denisova Early Middle Paleolithic with chronologically closest industries of North and Central Asia. The most similar industry is the Acheulo-Yabrudian of the Near East. Parallels concern primary reduction techniques and tool types. A hypothesis explaining the appearance of Middle Paleolithic traditions in Southern Siberia is proposed. We demonstrate continuity in the evolution of the lithic industries of Denisova up to the autochthonous emergence of the Upper Paleolithic ca 50,000 years ago.

AltaiDenisova CavePleistoceneEarly Middle Paleolithiclithic industryDenisovansThis study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 21-78-00074, https://rscf.ru/project/21-78-00074/ReferencesAgadjanian A.K., Serdyuk N.V., Postnov A.V. 2002 Predvaritelnaya khronologicheskaya interpretatsiya otlozheniy Ust-Kanskoy peshchery (Gorniy Altai) i paleogeograficheskaya rekonstruktsiya usloviy ikh formirovaniya (po dannym izucheniya mikroteriofauny). In Osnovniye zakonomernosti globalnykh i regionalnykh izmeneniy klimata i prirodnoy sredy v pozdnem kainozoye Sibiri, iss. 1. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 11–22.Agadjanian A.K., Serdyuk N.V., Postnov A.V. 2002 Predvaritelnaya khronologicheskaya interpretatsiya otlozheniy Ust-Kanskoy peshchery (Gorniy Altai) i paleogeograficheskaya rekonstruktsiya usloviy ikh formirovaniya (po dannym izucheniya mikroteriofauny). In Osnovniye zakonomernosti globalnykh i regionalnykh izmeneniy klimata i prirodnoy sredy v pozdnem kainozoye Sibiri, iss. 1. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 11–22.Agadjanian A.K., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2021 Small vertebrates from the Pleistocene sediments of the East Chamber of Denisova Cave, northwestern Altai Mountains. Paleontological Journal, vol. 55: 331–342.Agadjanian A.K., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2021 Small vertebrates from the Pleistocene sediments of the East Chamber of Denisova Cave, northwestern Altai Mountains. Paleontological Journal, vol. 55: 331–342.Astakhov S.N. 2008 Paleoliticheskiye pamyatniki Tuvy. St. Petersburg: NestorIstoriya.Astakhov S.N. 2008 Paleoliticheskiye pamyatniki Tuvy. St. Petersburg: NestorIstoriya.Barkai R., Gopher A. 2013 Cultural and biological transformations in the Middle Pleistocene Levant: A view from Qesem Cave, Israel. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, vol. 1. New York: Springer, pp. 115–137.Barkai R., Gopher A. 2013 Cultural and biological transformations in the Middle Pleistocene Levant: A view from Qesem Cave, Israel. In Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, vol. 1. New York: Springer, pp. 115–137.Barkai R., Lemorini C., Gopher A. 2010 Palaeolithic cutlery 400,000–200,000 years ago: Tiny meatcutting tools from Qesem Cave, Israel. Antiquity, vol. 84 (325).Barkai R., Lemorini C., Gopher A. 2010 Palaeolithic cutlery 400,000–200,000 years ago: Tiny meatcutting tools from Qesem Cave, Israel. Antiquity, vol. 84 (325).Bolikhovskaya N.S., Derevyanko A.P., Shunkov M.V. 2006 The fossil palynoflora, geological age, and climatostratigraphy of the earliest deposits of the Karama site (Early Paleolithic, Altai Mountains). Paleontological Journal, vol. 40: 558–566.Bolikhovskaya N.S., Derevyanko A.P., Shunkov M.V. 2006 The fossil palynoflora, geological age, and climatostratigraphy of the earliest deposits of the Karama site (Early Paleolithic, Altai Mountains). Paleontological Journal, vol. 40: 558–566.Bolikhovskaya N.S., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Ulyanov V.A., Faustov S.S. 2017 Noviye danniye v palinologii unikalnogo pamyatnika paleolita Denisova peshchera na severo-zapade Altaya. Byulleten Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytateley prirody. Otd. biol., vol. 122 (4): 46–60.Bolikhovskaya N.S., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Ulyanov V.A., Faustov S.S. 2017 Noviye danniye v palinologii unikalnogo pamyatnika paleolita Denisova peshchera na severo-zapade Altaya. Byulleten Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytateley prirody. Otd. biol., vol. 122 (4): 46–60.Bordes L., Fullagar R., Prinsloo L.C., Hayes E., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Roberts R.G. 2018 Raman spectroscopy of lipid micro-residues on Middle Palaeolithic stone tools from Denisova Cave, Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 95: 52–63.Bordes L., Fullagar R., Prinsloo L.C., Hayes E., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Roberts R.G. 2018 Raman spectroscopy of lipid micro-residues on Middle Palaeolithic stone tools from Denisova Cave, Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 95: 52–63.Brown S., Massilani D., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Stoessel A., Jope-Street B., Meyer M., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Higham T., Douka K. 2022 The earliest Denisovans and their cultural adaptation. Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 6: 28–35.Brown S., Massilani D., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Stoessel A., Jope-Street B., Meyer M., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Higham T., Douka K. 2022 The earliest Denisovans and their cultural adaptation. Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 6: 28–35.Brown S., Wang N., Oertle A., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Comeskey D., Jope-Street B., Harvey V.L., Chowdhury M.P., Buckley M., Higham T., Douka K. 2021 Zooarchaeology through the lens of collagen fi ngerprinting at Denisova Cave. Scientifi c Reports, vol. 11, art. No. 15457: 1–10.Brown S., Wang N., Oertle A., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Comeskey D., Jope-Street B., Harvey V.L., Chowdhury M.P., Buckley M., Higham T., Douka K. 2021 Zooarchaeology through the lens of collagen fi ngerprinting at Denisova Cave. Scientifi c Reports, vol. 11, art. No. 15457: 1–10.Buzhilova A.P. 2013 Dental remains from the Middle Paleolithic layers of Altai cave sites. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 55–65. Chen F., Welker F., Shen Ch.-Ch., Bailey S.E., Bergmann I., Davis S., Xia H., Wang H., Fischer R., Freidline S.E., Yu T.-L., Skinner M.M., Stelzer S., Dong G., Fu Q., Dong G., Wang J., Zhang D., Hublin J.-J. 2019 A Late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature, vol. 569: 409–412.Buzhilova A.P. 2013 Dental remains from the Middle Paleolithic layers of Altai cave sites. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 55–65. Chen F., Welker F., Shen Ch.-Ch., Bailey S.E., Bergmann I., Davis S., Xia H., Wang H., Fischer R., Freidline S.E., Yu T.-L., Skinner M.M., Stelzer S., Dong G., Fu Q., Dong G., Wang J., Zhang D., Hublin J.-J. 2019 A Late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature, vol. 569: 409–412.Derevianko A.P. 2017 Tri globalniye migratsii cheloveka v Yevrazii. Vol. II: Pervonachalnoye zaseleniye chelovekom Severnoy, Tsentralnoy i Sredney Azii. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.Derevianko A.P. 2017 Tri globalniye migratsii cheloveka v Yevrazii. Vol. II: Pervonachalnoye zaseleniye chelovekom Severnoy, Tsentralnoy i Sredney Azii. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.Derevianko A.P. 2018 Tri globalniye migratsii cheloveka v Yevrazii. Vol. III: Ashelskaya i bifasialnaya industriya v Afrike i Azii: Levant, Araviya, Iran, Indiya, Vietnam i ostrovnaya chast YugoVostochnoy Azii. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.Derevianko A.P. 2018 Tri globalniye migratsii cheloveka v Yevrazii. Vol. III: Ashelskaya i bifasialnaya industriya v Afrike i Azii: Levant, Araviya, Iran, Indiya, Vietnam i ostrovnaya chast YugoVostochnoy Azii. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.Derevianko A.P. 2019 Tri globalniye migratsii cheloveka v Yevrazii. Vol. IV: Ashelskaya i bifasialnaya industriya v Kitaye, Koreye, Mongolii, Kazakhstane, Turkmenistane, Uzbekistane i na Kavkaze. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. Derevianko A.P., Agadjanian A.K., Kulik N.A., Martynovich N.V., Ovodov N.D., Postnov A.V., Serdyuk N.V., Chevalkov L.M. 2001 Osnovniye rezultaty izucheniya mnogosloinogo pamyatnika Ust-Kanskaya peshchera v 1998–2001 godakh. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. VII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 109–114.Derevianko A.P. 2019 Tri globalniye migratsii cheloveka v Yevrazii. Vol. IV: Ashelskaya i bifasialnaya industriya v Kitaye, Koreye, Mongolii, Kazakhstane, Turkmenistane, Uzbekistane i na Kavkaze. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. Derevianko A.P., Agadjanian A.K., Kulik N.A., Martynovich N.V., Ovodov N.D., Postnov A.V., Serdyuk N.V., Chevalkov L.M. 2001 Osnovniye rezultaty izucheniya mnogosloinogo pamyatnika Ust-Kanskaya peshchera v 1998–2001 godakh. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. VII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 109–114.Derevianko A.P., Shunkov M.V. 2002 Middle Paleolithic industries with leaf-like bifaces in the Altai Mountains. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 16–42.Derevianko A.P., Shunkov M.V. 2002 Middle Paleolithic industries with leaf-like bifaces in the Altai Mountains. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 16–42.Derevianko A.P., Shunkov M.V. 2005 The Karama Lower Paleolithic site in the Altai: Initial results. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 3: 52–69.Derevianko A.P., Shunkov M.V. 2005 The Karama Lower Paleolithic site in the Altai: Initial results. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 3: 52–69.Derevianko A.P., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2020 Who were the Denisovans? Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 48 (3): 3–32.Derevianko A.P., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2020 Who were the Denisovans? Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 48 (3): 3–32.Douka K., Slon V., Jacobs Z., Ramsey Ch.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Mafessoni F., Kozlikin M.B., Li B., Grün R., Comeskey D., Devièse T., Brown S., Viola B., Kinsley L., Buckley M., Meyer M., Roberts R.G., Pääbo S., Kelso J., Higham T. 2019 Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature, vol. 565: 640–644.Douka K., Slon V., Jacobs Z., Ramsey Ch.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Mafessoni F., Kozlikin M.B., Li B., Grün R., Comeskey D., Devièse T., Brown S., Viola B., Kinsley L., Buckley M., Meyer M., Roberts R.G., Pääbo S., Kelso J., Higham T. 2019 Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature, vol. 565: 640–644.Drozdov N.I., Chekha V.P., Artemiev E.V., Khazarts P., Orlova L.A. 2000 Chetvertichnaya istoriya i arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki Severo-Minusinskoy vpadiny. Krasnoyarsk: Izd. Krasnoyar. Gos. Ped. Univ.Drozdov N.I., Chekha V.P., Artemiev E.V., Khazarts P., Orlova L.A. 2000 Chetvertichnaya istoriya i arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki Severo-Minusinskoy vpadiny. Krasnoyarsk: Izd. Krasnoyar. Gos. Ped. Univ.Islamov U.I., Krakhmal K.A. 1995 Paleoekologiya i sledy drevnego cheloveka v Tsentralnoy Azii. Tashkent: FAN.Islamov U.I., Krakhmal K.A. 1995 Paleoekologiya i sledy drevnego cheloveka v Tsentralnoy Azii. Tashkent: FAN.Jacobs Z., Li B., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B., Bolikhovskaya N.S., Agadjanian A.K., Uliyanov V.A., Vasiliev S.K., O’Gorman K., Derevianko A.P., Roberts R.G. 2019 Timing of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in Southern Siberia. Nature, vol. 565: 594–599.Jacobs Z., Li B., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B., Bolikhovskaya N.S., Agadjanian A.K., Uliyanov V.A., Vasiliev S.K., O’Gorman K., Derevianko A.P., Roberts R.G. 2019 Timing of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in Southern Siberia. Nature, vol. 565: 594–599.Kolobova K.A., Roberts R.G., Chabai V.P., Jacobs Z., Krajcarz M.T., Shalagina A.V., Krivoshapkin A.I., Li B., Uthmeier T., Markin S.V., Morley M.W., O’Gorman K., Rudaya N.A., Talamo S., Viola B., Derevianko A.P. 2020 Archaeological evidence for two separate dispersals of Neanderthals into Southern Siberia. PNAS, vol. 117 (6): 2879–2885.Kolobova K.A., Roberts R.G., Chabai V.P., Jacobs Z., Krajcarz M.T., Shalagina A.V., Krivoshapkin A.I., Li B., Uthmeier T., Markin S.V., Morley M.W., O’Gorman K., Rudaya N.A., Talamo S., Viola B., Derevianko A.P. 2020 Archaeological evidence for two separate dispersals of Neanderthals into Southern Siberia. PNAS, vol. 117 (6): 2879–2885.Kozłowski J.K. 2016 Taxonomy of the Early Middle Palaeolithic in Central Europe. Litikum, vol. 4: 19–27.Kozłowski J.K. 2016 Taxonomy of the Early Middle Palaeolithic in Central Europe. Litikum, vol. 4: 19–27.Krause J., Fu Q., Good J.M., Viola B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Pääbo S. 2010 The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature, vol. 464: 894–897.Krause J., Fu Q., Good J.M., Viola B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Pääbo S. 2010 The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature, vol. 464: 894–897.Krause J., Orlando L., Serre D., Viola B., Prüfer K., Richards M.P., Hublin J.J., Hänni C., Derevianko A.P., Pääbo C. 2007 Neanderthals in Central Asia and Siberia. Nature, vol. 449: 902–904.Krause J., Orlando L., Serre D., Viola B., Prüfer K., Richards M.P., Hublin J.J., Hänni C., Derevianko A.P., Pääbo C. 2007 Neanderthals in Central Asia and Siberia. Nature, vol. 449: 902–904.Krivoshapkin A.I., Viola B., Chargynov T., Krajcarz M., Kolobova K.A., Shnaider S.V. 2017 Issledovaniya paleoliticheskikh kompleksov peshchery Selungur v polevom sezone 2017 g. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 141–145.Krivoshapkin A.I., Viola B., Chargynov T., Krajcarz M., Kolobova K.A., Shnaider S.V. 2017 Issledovaniya paleoliticheskikh kompleksov peshchery Selungur v polevom sezone 2017 g. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 141–145.Krivoshapkin A.I., Viola B., Chargynov T., Krajcarz M., Kolobova K.A., Shnaider S.V., Romanenko M.E. 2016 Issledovaniya srednepaleoliticheskikh kompleksov peshchery Selungur v polevom sezone 2016 goda. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 94–99.Krivoshapkin A.I., Viola B., Chargynov T., Krajcarz M., Kolobova K.A., Shnaider S.V., Romanenko M.E. 2016 Issledovaniya srednepaleoliticheskikh kompleksov peshchery Selungur v polevom sezone 2016 goda. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 94–99.Kuhn S.L. 2013 Roots of the Middle Paleolithic in Eurasia. Current Anthropology, vol. 54 (supp. 8): 255–268.Kuhn S.L. 2013 Roots of the Middle Paleolithic in Eurasia. Current Anthropology, vol. 54 (supp. 8): 255–268.Kulik N.A., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2014 Petrografi ya kamennykh artefaktov iz vostochnoy galerei Denisovoi peshchery. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XX. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 57–59.Kulik N.A., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2014 Petrografi ya kamennykh artefaktov iz vostochnoy galerei Denisovoi peshchery. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XX. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 57–59.Mafessoni F., Grote S., de Filippo C., Slon V., Kolobova K.A., Viola B., Markin S.V., Chintalapati M., Peyrégne S., Skov L., Skoglund P., Krivoshapkin A.I., Derevianko A.P., Meyer M., Kelso J., Peter B., Prüfer K., Pääbo S. 2020 A high-coverage Neanderthal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave. PNAS, vol. 117 (26): 15132–15136.Mafessoni F., Grote S., de Filippo C., Slon V., Kolobova K.A., Viola B., Markin S.V., Chintalapati M., Peyrégne S., Skov L., Skoglund P., Krivoshapkin A.I., Derevianko A.P., Meyer M., Kelso J., Peter B., Prüfer K., Pääbo S. 2020 A high-coverage Neanderthal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave. PNAS, vol. 117 (26): 15132–15136.Mednikova M.B. 2011a A proximal pedal phalanx of a Paleolithic hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 129–138.Mednikova M.B. 2011a A proximal pedal phalanx of a Paleolithic hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 129–138.Mednikova M.B. 2011b Postkranialnaya morfologiya i taksonomiya predstaviteley roda Homo iz peshchery Okladnikova na Altaye. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.Mednikova M.B. 2011b Postkranialnaya morfologiya i taksonomiya predstaviteley roda Homo iz peshchery Okladnikova na Altaye. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.Mednikova M.B. 2013 Distal phalanx of the hand of Homo from Denisova Cave stratum 12: A tentative description. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 2: 146–155.Mednikova M.B. 2013 Distal phalanx of the hand of Homo from Denisova Cave stratum 12: A tentative description. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 2: 146–155.Medvedev G.I. 1975 Mestonakhozhdeniya rannego paleolita v Yuzhnom Priangarye. In Drevnyaya istoriya narodov yuga Vostochnoy Sibiri, iss. 3. Irkutsk: Irkut. Gos. Univ., pp. 3–36.Medvedev G.I. 1975 Mestonakhozhdeniya rannego paleolita v Yuzhnom Priangarye. In Drevnyaya istoriya narodov yuga Vostochnoy Sibiri, iss. 3. Irkutsk: Irkut. Gos. Univ., pp. 3–36.Meyer M., Fu Q., Aximu-Petri A., Glocke I., Nickel B., Arsuaga J.-L., Martínez I., Gracia A., Bermudez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Pääbo S. 2014 A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos. Nature, vol. 505: 403–406.Meyer M., Fu Q., Aximu-Petri A., Glocke I., Nickel B., Arsuaga J.-L., Martínez I., Gracia A., Bermudez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Pääbo S. 2014 A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos. Nature, vol. 505: 403–406.Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge M.-T., Li H., Racimo F., Mallick S., Schraiber J.G., Jay F., Prüfer K., de Filippo C., Sudmant P.H., Alkan C., Fu Q., Do R., Rohland N., Tandon A., Siebauer M., Green R.E., Bryc K., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Dabney J., Shendure J., Kitzman J., Hammer M.F., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Patterson N., Andrés A.M., Eichler E.E., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2012 A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science, vol. 338 (6104): 222–226. Mezhdistsiplinarniye issledovaniya Chagyrskoy peshchery – stoyanki srednego paleolita Altaya. 2018 A.P. Derevianko, S.V. Markin, K.A. Kolobova, V.P. Chabai,Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge M.-T., Li H., Racimo F., Mallick S., Schraiber J.G., Jay F., Prüfer K., de Filippo C., Sudmant P.H., Alkan C., Fu Q., Do R., Rohland N., Tandon A., Siebauer M., Green R.E., Bryc K., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Dabney J., Shendure J., Kitzman J., Hammer M.F., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Patterson N., Andrés A.M., Eichler E.E., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2012 A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science, vol. 338 (6104): 222–226. Mezhdistsiplinarniye issledovaniya Chagyrskoy peshchery – stoyanki srednego paleolita Altaya. 2018 A.P. Derevianko, S.V. Markin, K.A. Kolobova, V.P. Chabai,N.A. Rudaya, B. Viola, A.P. Buzhilova, M.B. Mednikova, S.K. Vasiliev, V.S. Zykin, V.S. Zykina, V.S. Zazhigin, A.O. Volvakh, R.G. Roberts, Z. Yakobs, Bo Li. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. Morley M.V., Goldberg P., Uliyanov V.A., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Jacobs Z., Roberts R.G. 2019 Hominin and animal activities in the microstratigraphic record from Denisova Cave (Altai Mountains, Russia). Scientifi c Reports, vol. 9, art. No. 13785: 1–12.N.A. Rudaya, B. Viola, A.P. Buzhilova, M.B. Mednikova, S.K. Vasiliev, V.S. Zykin, V.S. Zykina, V.S. Zazhigin, A.O. Volvakh, R.G. Roberts, Z. Yakobs, Bo Li. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. Morley M.V., Goldberg P., Uliyanov V.A., Kozlikin M.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Jacobs Z., Roberts R.G. 2019 Hominin and animal activities in the microstratigraphic record from Denisova Cave (Altai Mountains, Russia). Scientifi c Reports, vol. 9, art. No. 13785: 1–12.Okladnikov A.P. 1972 Ulalinka – drevnepaleoliticheskiy pamyatnik Sibiri. In Paleolit i neolit SSSR, vol. 7. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 7–19. (MIA; No. 185).Okladnikov A.P. 1972 Ulalinka – drevnepaleoliticheskiy pamyatnik Sibiri. In Paleolit i neolit SSSR, vol. 7. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 7–19. (MIA; No. 185).Pospelova G.A., Gnibidenko Z.N., Okladnikov A.P. 1980 O vozraste poseleniya Ulalinka po paleomagnitnym dannym. In Arkheologicheskiy poisk (Severnaya Aziya). Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 3–10.Pospelova G.A., Gnibidenko Z.N., Okladnikov A.P. 1980 O vozraste poseleniya Ulalinka po paleomagnitnym dannym. In Arkheologicheskiy poisk (Severnaya Aziya). Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 3–10.Prévost M., Zaidner Y. 2016 The Nahr Ibrahim technique and side-scraper re-sharpening at the Unit III of the Middle Paleolithic open-air site of Nesher Ramla (Israel): What is the link? In Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution. Madrid: PESHE, p. 193.Prévost M., Zaidner Y. 2016 The Nahr Ibrahim technique and side-scraper re-sharpening at the Unit III of the Middle Paleolithic open-air site of Nesher Ramla (Israel): What is the link? In Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution. Madrid: PESHE, p. 193.Prirodnaya sreda i chelovek v paleolite Gornogo Altaya. 2003Prirodnaya sreda i chelovek v paleolite Gornogo Altaya. 2003A.P. Derevianko, M.V. Shunkov, A.K. Agadjanian, G.F. Baryshnikov, E.M. Malaeva, V.A. Ulyanov, N.A. Kulik, A.V. Postnov, A.A. Anoikin. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S., Heinze A., Renaud G., Sudmant P.H., Filippo C., de, Heng Li, Mallick S., Dannemann M., Qiaomei Fu, Kircher M., Kuhlwilm M., Lachmann M., Meyer M., Ongyerth M., Siebauer M., Theunert Ch., Tandon A., Moorjani P., Pickrell J., Mullikin J.C., Vohr S.H., Green R.E., Hellmann I., Johnson Ph.L.F., Blanche H., Cann H., Kitzman J.O., Shendure J., Eichler E.E., Lein E.S., Bakken T.E., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Viola B., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2014 The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai mountains. Nature, vol. 505 (7481): 43–49.A.P. Derevianko, M.V. Shunkov, A.K. Agadjanian, G.F. Baryshnikov, E.M. Malaeva, V.A. Ulyanov, N.A. Kulik, A.V. Postnov, A.A. Anoikin. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S., Heinze A., Renaud G., Sudmant P.H., Filippo C., de, Heng Li, Mallick S., Dannemann M., Qiaomei Fu, Kircher M., Kuhlwilm M., Lachmann M., Meyer M., Ongyerth M., Siebauer M., Theunert Ch., Tandon A., Moorjani P., Pickrell J., Mullikin J.C., Vohr S.H., Green R.E., Hellmann I., Johnson Ph.L.F., Blanche H., Cann H., Kitzman J.O., Shendure J., Eichler E.E., Lein E.S., Bakken T.E., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Viola B., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2014 The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai mountains. Nature, vol. 505 (7481): 43–49.Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M., Krause J., P atterson N., Durand E.Y., Viola B., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Johnson P.L.F., Maricic T., Good J.M., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Fu Q., Mallick S., Li H., Meyer M., Eichler E.E., Stoneking M., Richards M., Talamo S., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Hublin J.-J., Kelso J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S. 2010 Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature, vol. 468: 1053–1060.Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M., Krause J., P atterson N., Durand E.Y., Viola B., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Johnson P.L.F., Maricic T., Good J.M., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Fu Q., Mallick S., Li H., Meyer M., Eichler E.E., Stoneking M., Richards M., Talamo S., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Hublin J.-J., Kelso J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S. 2010 Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature, vol. 468: 1053–1060.Rust A. 1950 Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. Sawyer S., Renaud G., Viola B., Hublin J.-J., Gansauge M.-T., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P.,Rust A. 1950 Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. Sawyer S., Renaud G., Viola B., Hublin J.-J., Gansauge M.-T., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P.,Prüfer K., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2015 Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals. PNAS, vol. 112 (51): 15696–15700.Prüfer K., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2015 Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals. PNAS, vol. 112 (51): 15696–15700.Shimelmitz R. 2015 The recycling of fl int throughout the Lower and Middle Paleolithic sequence of Tabun Cave, Israel. Quaternary International, vol. 361: 34–45.Shimelmitz R. 2015 The recycling of fl int throughout the Lower and Middle Paleolithic sequence of Tabun Cave, Israel. Quaternary International, vol. 361: 34–45.Shpakova E.G., Derevianko A.P. 2000 The interpretation of odontological features of Pleistocene human remains from the Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 125–138.Shpakova E.G., Derevianko A.P. 2000 The interpretation of odontological features of Pleistocene human remains from the Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 125–138.Slon V., Hopfe C., Weiß C.L., Mafessoni F., Rasilla M. de la, Lalueza-Fox C., Rosas A., Soressi M., Knul M.V., Miller R., Stewart J.R., Derevianko A.P., Jacobs Z., Li B., Roberts R.G., Shunkov M.V., Lumley H. de, Perrenoud C., Gušić I., Kućan Ž., Rudan P., Aximu-Petri A., Essel E., Nagel S., Nickel B., Schmidt A., Prüfer K., Kelso J., Burbano H.A., Pääbo S., Meyer M. 2017 Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from Pleistocene sediments. Science, vol. 356 (6338): 605–608.Slon V., Hopfe C., Weiß C.L., Mafessoni F., Rasilla M. de la, Lalueza-Fox C., Rosas A., Soressi M., Knul M.V., Miller R., Stewart J.R., Derevianko A.P., Jacobs Z., Li B., Roberts R.G., Shunkov M.V., Lumley H. de, Perrenoud C., Gušić I., Kućan Ž., Rudan P., Aximu-Petri A., Essel E., Nagel S., Nickel B., Schmidt A., Prüfer K., Kelso J., Burbano H.A., Pääbo S., Meyer M. 2017 Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from Pleistocene sediments. Science, vol. 356 (6338): 605–608.Slon V., Mafessoni F., Vernot B., de Filippo C., Grote S., Viola B., Hajdinjak M., Peyrégne S., Nagel S., Brown S., Douka K., Higham T., Kozlikin M., Shunkov M., Derevianko A., Kelso J., Meyer M., Prüfer K., Pääbo S. 2018 The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature, vol. 561 (7721): 113–116.Slon V., Mafessoni F., Vernot B., de Filippo C., Grote S., Viola B., Hajdinjak M., Peyrégne S., Nagel S., Brown S., Douka K., Higham T., Kozlikin M., Shunkov M., Derevianko A., Kelso J., Meyer M., Prüfer K., Pääbo S. 2018 The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature, vol. 561 (7721): 113–116.Slon V., Viola B., Renaud G., Gansauge M.-T., Benazzi S., Sawyer S., Hublin J.-J., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Kelso J., Prüfer K., Meyer M., Pääbo S. 2017 A fourth Denisovan individual. Science Advances, No. 3.Slon V., Viola B., Renaud G., Gansauge M.-T., Benazzi S., Sawyer S., Hublin J.-J., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Kelso J., Prüfer K., Meyer M., Pääbo S. 2017 A fourth Denisovan individual. Science Advances, No. 3.Solecki R.L., Solecki R.S. 1970 A new secondary fl aking technique at the Nahr Ibrahim Cave site, Lebanon. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, vol. 23: 137–142.Solecki R.L., Solecki R.S. 1970 A new secondary fl aking technique at the Nahr Ibrahim Cave site, Lebanon. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, vol. 23: 137–142.Vasiliev S.K., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2017 Ostatki megafauny iz vostochnoy galerei Denisovoy peshchery i voprosy rekonstruktsii prirodnoy sredy SeveroZapadnogo Altaya v pleistotsene. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 60–64.Vasiliev S.K., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B. 2017 Ostatki megafauny iz vostochnoy galerei Denisovoy peshchery i voprosy rekonstruktsii prirodnoy sredy SeveroZapadnogo Altaya v pleistotsene. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 60–64.Zaidner Y., Weinstein-Evron M. 2012 Making a point: The Early Middle Palaeolithic tool assemblage of Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Before Farming, iss. 4: 1–23.Zaidner Y., Weinstein-Evron M. 2012 Making a point: The Early Middle Palaeolithic tool assemblage of Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. Before Farming, iss. 4: 1–23.Zaidner Y., Weinstein-Evron M. 2016 The end of the Lower Paleolithic in the Levant: The Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic technology at Misliya Cave, Israel. Quaternary International, vol. 409: 9–22.Zaidner Y., Weinstein-Evron M. 2016 The end of the Lower Paleolithic in the Levant: The Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic technology at Misliya Cave, Israel. Quaternary International, vol. 409: 9–22.Zavala E.I., Jacobs Z., Vernot B., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B., Derevianko A.P., Essel E., de Fillipo C., Nagel S., Richter J., Romagné F., Schmidt A., Li B., O’Gorman K., Slon V., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Roberts R.G., Meyer M. 2021 Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave. Nature, vol. 595: 399–403.Zavala E.I., Jacobs Z., Vernot B., Shunkov M.V., Kozlikin M.B., Derevianko A.P., Essel E., de Fillipo C., Nagel S., Richter J., Romagné F., Schmidt A., Li B., O’Gorman K., Slon V., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Roberts R.G., Meyer M. 2021 Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave. Nature, vol. 595: 399–403.Zhang D., Xia H., Chen F., Li B., Slon V., Cheng T.,Zhang D., Xia H., Chen F., Li B., Slon V., Cheng T.,Yang R., Jacobs Z., Dai Q., Massilani D., Shen X., Wang J., Feng X., Cao P., Yang M.A., Yao J., Yang J., Madsen D.B., Han Y., Ping W., Liu F., Perreault Ch., Chen X., Meyer M., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Fu Q. 2020 Denisovan DNA in Late Pleistocene sediments from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau. Science, vol. 370: 584–587.Yang R., Jacobs Z., Dai Q., Massilani D., Shen X., Wang J., Feng X., Cao P., Yang M.A., Yao J., Yang J., Madsen D.B., Han Y., Ping W., Liu F., Perreault Ch., Chen X., Meyer M., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Fu Q. 2020 Denisovan DNA in Late Pleistocene sediments from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau. Science, vol. 370: 584–587.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.