<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17746/1563-0110.2024.52.2.055-064</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-1895</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭПОХА ПАЛЕОМЕТАЛЛА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Radiocarbon Chronology of the Bronze Age Fedorovka Culture (New Data Relevant to an Earlier Problem)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-1026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Epimakhov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor </p><p>pr. Lenina 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">epimakhovav@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-5835</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alaeva</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher</p><p>pr. Lenina 69, Chelyabinsk, 454080</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alaevaira@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>South Ural State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>South Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Epimakhov A.V., Alaeva I.P., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Epimakhov A.V., Alaeva I.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Epimakhov A.V., Alaeva I.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/1895">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/1895</self-uri><abstract><p>This article presents the results of excavations and dating of the Fedorovka culture cemetery of Zvyagino-1 in the Southern Trans-Urals. It consists of 12 small kurgans, each of which contains from one to three differently arranged graves with cremations. The funerary items include typical Fedorovka clay vessels. We estimated the age of bones of domestic animals found on the area under the kurgan or in graves. The new dates were compared with those generated previously. Statistical analysis has made it possible to assess the time range as being from the mid-18th to mid-15th centuries cal BC (medians of calibrated intervals). Dates of the Alakul-Fedorovka complexes fall in the same time range, illustrating the process of interaction between these two traditions. The results of modeling were compared with the dates of the Andronovo sites in Kazakhstan, the Baraba forest-steppe, and Southern Siberia. The dates were similar, barring those of the more ancient series from Kazakhstan. Dates for the Alakul sites in the Trans-Urals were earlier (19th to 16th centuries cal BC), documenting the long coexistence of the Alakul and Fedorovka traditions. In the Southern Trans-Urals, the former tradition appears to have declined earlier. The question as to whether the Fedorovka tradition survived until the Cordoned (Valikovaya) Ware cultures remains open due to the lack of dates for the Cherkaskul culture, which resembles Fedorovka, while being stratigraphically earlier than the Cordoned Ware cultures.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Southern Trans-Urals</kwd><kwd>Late Bronze Age</kwd><kwd>Fedorovka culture</kwd><kwd>Alakul culture</kwd><kwd>radiocarbon dating</kwd><kwd>modeling</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 20-18-00402.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bronk Ramsey C. 2008 Radiocarbon dating: Revolutions in understanding. Archaeometry, vol. 50 (2): 249–275.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronk Ramsey C. 2008 Radiocarbon dating: Revolutions in understanding. Archaeometry, vol. 50 (2): 249–275.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bronk Ramsey C. 2017 Methods for summarizing radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon, vol. 59 (6): 1809–1833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronk Ramsey C. 2017 Methods for summarizing radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon, vol. 59 (6): 1809–1833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chernykh E.N., Korochkova O.N., Orlovskaya L.B. 2017 Issues in the calendar chronology of the Seima-Turbino transcultural phenomenon. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 45 (2): 45–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernykh E.N., Korochkova O.N., Orlovskaya L.B. 2017 Issues in the calendar chronology of the Seima-Turbino transcultural phenomenon. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 45 (2): 45–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degtyareva A.D., Kuzminykh S.V., Loman V.G., Kukushkin I.A. 2022 Metall v ritualakh epokhi bronzy Kazakhstana (po materialam mogilnika Nurataldy 1). Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 2: 60–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degtyareva A.D., Kuzminykh S.V., Loman V.G., Kukushkin I.A. 2022 Metall v ritualakh epokhi bronzy Kazakhstana (po materialam mogilnika Nurataldy 1). Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 2: 60–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epimakhov A.V. 2020 Radiouglerodniye argumenty abashevskogo prois- khozhdeniya sintashtinskikh traditsiy bronzovogo veka. Uralskiy istoricheskiy vestnik, No. 4: 55–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epimakhov A.V. 2020 Radiouglerodniye argumenty abashevskogo prois- khozhdeniya sintashtinskikh traditsiy bronzovogo veka. Uralskiy istoricheskiy vestnik, No. 4: 55–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epimakhov A.V. 2023 Khronologiya alakulskoy kultury (noviye materialy k diskussii). KSIA, iss. 270: 171–186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epimakhov A.V. 2023 Khronologiya alakulskoy kultury (noviye materialy k diskussii). KSIA, iss. 270: 171–186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epimakhov A.V., Kupriyanova E.V., Hommel P., Hanks B.K. 2021 Ot predstavleniy o lineinoy evolyutsii k mozaike kulturnykh traditsiy (bronzoviy vek Urala v svete bolshikh seriy radiouglerodnykh dat). In Drevniye i traditsionniye kultury vo vzaimodeistvii so sredoy obitaniya: Problemy istoricheskoy rekonstruktsii: Materialy I Mezhdunar. mezhdistsiplinar. konf., E.V. Kupriyanova (ed.). Chelyabinsk: Izd. Chelyab. Gos. Univ., pp. 7–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epimakhov A.V., Kupriyanova E.V., Hommel P., Hanks B.K. 2021 Ot predstavleniy o lineinoy evolyutsii k mozaike kulturnykh traditsiy (bronzoviy vek Urala v svete bolshikh seriy radiouglerodnykh dat). In Drevniye i traditsionniye kultury vo vzaimodeistvii so sredoy obitaniya: Problemy istoricheskoy rekonstruktsii: Materialy I Mezhdunar. mezhdistsiplinar. konf., E.V. Kupriyanova (ed.). Chelyabinsk: Izd. Chelyab. Gos. Univ., pp. 7–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epimakhov A.V., Petrov F.N. 2021 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya kulturnykh traditsiy bronzovogo veka Zauralya: Po materialam poseleniya Levoberezhnoye (Sintashta II). Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 3: 67–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epimakhov A.V., Petrov F.N. 2021 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya kulturnykh traditsiy bronzovogo veka Zauralya: Po materialam poseleniya Levoberezhnoye (Sintashta II). Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 3: 67–79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigoriev S. 2021 Andronovo problem: Studies of cultural genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age. Open Archaeology, vol. 7 (1): 3–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoriev S. 2021 Andronovo problem: Studies of cultural genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age. Open Archaeology, vol. 7 (1): 3–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanks B.K., Epimakhov A.V., Renfrew A.C. 2007 Towards a refined chronology for the Bronze Age of the Southern Urals, Russia. Antiquity, vol. 81 (312): 353–367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanks B.K., Epimakhov A.V., Renfrew A.C. 2007 Towards a refined chronology for the Bronze Age of the Southern Urals, Russia. Antiquity, vol. 81 (312): 353–367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanks B.K., Ventresca Miller A., Judd M., Epimakhov A., Razhev D., Privat K. 2018 Bronze Age diet and economy: New stable isotope data from the Central Eurasian steppes (2100–1700 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 97: 14–25. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.06.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanks B.K., Ventresca Miller A., Judd M., Epimakhov A., Razhev D., Privat K. 2018 Bronze Age diet and economy: New stable isotope data from the Central Eurasian steppes (2100–1700 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 97: 14–25. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.06.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause R., Epimakhov A.V., Kupriyanova E.V., Novikov I.K., Stolyarchik E. 2019 The Petrovka Bronze Age sites: Issues in taxonomy and chronology. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 47 (1): 54–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause R., Epimakhov A.V., Kupriyanova E.V., Novikov I.K., Stolyarchik E. 2019 The Petrovka Bronze Age sites: Issues in taxonomy and chronology. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 47 (1): 54–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzmina E.E. 1994 Otkuda prishli indoarii: Materialnaya kultura plemen andronovskoy obshchnosti i proiskhozhdeniye indoirantsev. Moscow: Vost. lit.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmina E.E. 1994 Otkuda prishli indoarii: Materialnaya kultura plemen andronovskoy obshchnosti i proiskhozhdeniye indoirantsev. Moscow: Vost. lit.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Librado P., Khan N., Fages A., Kusliy M.A., Suchan T., Tonasso-Calvière L., Schiavinato S., Alioglu D., Fromentier A., Perdereau A., Aury J.-M., Gaunitz C., Chauvey L., Seguin-Orlando A., Der Sarkissian C., Southon J., Shapiro B., Tishkin A.A., Kovalev A.A., Alquraishi S., Alfarhan A.H., Al-Rasheid K.A.S., Seregély T., Klassen L., Iversen R., Bignon-Lau O., Bodu P., Olive M., Castel J.-C., Boudadi-Maligne M., Alvarez N., Germonpré M., Moskal-del Hoyo M., Wilczyński J., Pospuła S., Lasota-Kuś A., Tunia K., Nowak M., Rannamäe E., Saarma U., Boeskorov G., Lōugas L., Kyselý R., Peške L., Bălășescu A., Dumitrașcu V., Dobrescu R., Gerber D., Kiss V., Szécsényi-Nagy A., Mende B., Zsolt G., Somogyvári K., Kulcsár G., Gál E., Bendrey R., Allentoft M., Sirbu G., Dergachev V., Shephard H., Tomadini N., Grouard S., Kasparov A., Basilyan A.E., Anisimov M.A., Nikolskiy P.A., Pavlova E.Y., Pitulko V., Brem G., Wallner B., Schwall C., Keller M., Kitagawa K., Bessudnov A.N., Bessudnov A., Taylor W., Magail J., Gantulga J.-O., Bayarsaikhan J., Erdenebaatar D., Tabaldiev K., Mijiddorj E., Boldgiv B., Tsagaan T., Pruvost M., Olsen S., Makarewicz C., Lamas S.V., Canadell S.A., Nieto Espinet A., Pilar Iborra M., Garrido J.L., Rodríguez González E., Celestino S., Olària C., Arsuaga J.L., Kotova N., Pryor A., Crabtree P., Zhumatayev R., Toleubaev A., Morgunova N.L., Kuznetsova T., Lordkipanize D., Marzullo M., Prato O., Bagnasco G., Tecchiati U., Clavel B., Lepetz S., Davoudi H., Mashkour M., Berezina N., Stockhammer P.W., Krause J., Haak W., Morales-Muñiz A., Benecke N., Hofreiter M., Ludwig A., Graphodatsky A.S., Peters J., Kiryushin K.Y., Iderkhangai T.-O., Bokovenko N.A., Vasiliev S.K., Seregin N.N., Chugunov K.V., Plasteeva N.A., Baryshnikov G., Petrova E., Sablin M., Ananyevskaya E., Logvin A., Shevnina I., Logvin V., Kalieva S., Loman V., Kukushkin I., Merz I., Merz V., Sakenov S., Varfolomeyev V., Usmanova E., Zaibert V., Arbuckle B., Belinskij A., Kalmykov A., Reinhold S., Hansen S.I., Yudin A.I., Vybornov A.A., Epimakhov A., Berezina N.S., Roslyakova N., Kosintsev P.A., Kuznetsov P., Anthony D., Kroonen G.J., Kristiansen K., Wincker P., Outram A., Orlando L. 2021 The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasia steppes. Nature, vol. 598 (7882): 634–640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Librado P., Khan N., Fages A., Kusliy M.A., Suchan T., Tonasso-Calvière L., Schiavinato S., Alioglu D., Fromentier A., Perdereau A., Aury J.-M., Gaunitz C., Chauvey L., Seguin-Orlando A., Der Sarkissian C., Southon J., Shapiro B., Tishkin A.A., Kovalev A.A., Alquraishi S., Alfarhan A.H., Al-Rasheid K.A.S., Seregély T., Klassen L., Iversen R., Bignon-Lau O., Bodu P., Olive M., Castel J.-C., Boudadi-Maligne M., Alvarez N., Germonpré M., Moskal-del Hoyo M., Wilczyński J., Pospuła S., Lasota-Kuś A., Tunia K., Nowak M., Rannamäe E., Saarma U., Boeskorov G., Lōugas L., Kyselý R., Peške L., Bălășescu A., Dumitrașcu V., Dobrescu R., Gerber D., Kiss V., Szécsényi-Nagy A., Mende B., Zsolt G., Somogyvári K., Kulcsár G., Gál E., Bendrey R., Allentoft M., Sirbu G., Dergachev V., Shephard H., Tomadini N., Grouard S., Kasparov A., Basilyan A.E., Anisimov M.A., Nikolskiy P.A., Pavlova E.Y., Pitulko V., Brem G., Wallner B., Schwall C., Keller M., Kitagawa K., Bessudnov A.N., Bessudnov A., Taylor W., Magail J., Gantulga J.-O., Bayarsaikhan J., Erdenebaatar D., Tabaldiev K., Mijiddorj E., Boldgiv B., Tsagaan T., Pruvost M., Olsen S., Makarewicz C., Lamas S.V., Canadell S.A., Nieto Espinet A., Pilar Iborra M., Garrido J.L., Rodríguez González E., Celestino S., Olària C., Arsuaga J.L., Kotova N., Pryor A., Crabtree P., Zhumatayev R., Toleubaev A., Morgunova N.L., Kuznetsova T., Lordkipanize D., Marzullo M., Prato O., Bagnasco G., Tecchiati U., Clavel B., Lepetz S., Davoudi H., Mashkour M., Berezina N., Stockhammer P.W., Krause J., Haak W., Morales-Muñiz A., Benecke N., Hofreiter M., Ludwig A., Graphodatsky A.S., Peters J., Kiryushin K.Y., Iderkhangai T.-O., Bokovenko N.A., Vasiliev S.K., Seregin N.N., Chugunov K.V., Plasteeva N.A., Baryshnikov G., Petrova E., Sablin M., Ananyevskaya E., Logvin A., Shevnina I., Logvin V., Kalieva S., Loman V., Kukushkin I., Merz I., Merz V., Sakenov S., Varfolomeyev V., Usmanova E., Zaibert V., Arbuckle B., Belinskij A., Kalmykov A., Reinhold S., Hansen S.I., Yudin A.I., Vybornov A.A., Epimakhov A., Berezina N.S., Roslyakova N., Kosintsev P.A., Kuznetsov P., Anthony D., Kroonen G.J., Kristiansen K., Wincker P., Outram A., Orlando L. 2021 The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasia steppes. Nature, vol. 598 (7882): 634–640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchenko Z.V. 2016 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya pogrebeniy mogilnika Sopka-2/4B, V. In V.I. Molodin, A.E. Grishin. Pamyatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi. Vol. 4: Kulturno-khronologicheskiy analiz pogrebalnykh kompleksov krotovskoy kultury. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 442–449.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchenko Z.V. 2016 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya pogrebeniy mogilnika Sopka-2/4B, V. In V.I. Molodin, A.E. Grishin. Pamyatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi. Vol. 4: Kulturno-khronologicheskiy analiz pogrebalnykh kompleksov krotovskoy kultury. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 442–449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matveev A.V. 1998 Perviye andronovtsy v lesakh Zauralya. Novosibirsk: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev A.V. 1998 Perviye andronovtsy v lesakh Zauralya. Novosibirsk: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molodin V.I., Epimakhov A.V., Marchenko Z.V. 2014 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya epokhi bronzy Urala i yuga Zapadnoy Sibiri: Printsipy i podkhody, dostizheniya i problemy. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 13. Iss. 3: Arkheologiya i etnografiya: 136–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodin V.I., Epimakhov A.V., Marchenko Z.V. 2014 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya epokhi bronzy Urala i yuga Zapadnoy Sibiri: Printsipy i podkhody, dostizheniya i problemy. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 13. Iss. 3: Arkheologiya i etnografiya: 136–167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molodin V., Marchenko Z., Kuzmin Y., Grishin A., Van Strydonck M., Orlova L. 2012 14C chronology of burial grounds of the Andronovo period (Middle Bronze Age) in Baraba forest steppe, Western Siberia. Radiocarbon, vol. 54 (3/4): 737–747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodin V., Marchenko Z., Kuzmin Y., Grishin A., Van Strydonck M., Orlova L. 2012 14C chronology of burial grounds of the Andronovo period (Middle Bronze Age) in Baraba forest steppe, Western Siberia. Radiocarbon, vol. 54 (3/4): 737–747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narasimhan V.M., Patterson N., Moorjani P., Rohland N., Bernardos R., Mallick S., Lazaridis I., Nakatsuka N., Olalde I., Lipson M., Kim A.M., Olivieri L.M., Coppa A., Vidale M., Mallory J., Moiseyev V., Kitov E., Monge J., Adamski N., Alex N., Broomandkhoshbacht N., Candilio F., Callan K., Cheronet O., Culleton B.J., Ferry M., Fernandes D., Freilich S., Gamarra B., Gaudio D., Hajdinjak M., Harney É., Harper T.K., Keating D., Lawson A.M., Mah M., Mandl K., Michel M., Novak M., Oppenheimer J., Rai N., Sirak K., Slon V., Stewardson K., Zalzala F., Zhang Z., Akhatov G., Bagashev A.N., Bagnera A., Baitanayev B., Bendezu- Sarmiento J., Bissembaev A.A., Bonora G.L., Chargynov T.T., Chikisheva T., Dashkovskiy P.K., Derevianko A., Dobeš M., Douka K., Dubova N., Duisengali M.N., Enshin D., Epimakhov A., Fribus A.V., Fuller D., Goryachev A., Gromov A., Grushin S.P., Hanks B., Judd M., Kazizov E., Khokhlov A., Krygin A.P., Kupriyanova E., Kuznetsov P., Luiselli D., Maksudov F., Mamedov A.M., Mamirov T.B., Meiklejohn C., Merrett D.C., Micheli R., Mochalov O., Mustafokulov S., Nayak A., Pettener D., Potts R., Razhev D., Rykun M., Sarno S., Savenkova T.M., Sikhymbaeva K., Slepchenko S.M., Soltobaev O.A., Stepanova N., Svyatko S., Tabaldiev K., Teschler-Nicola M., Tishkin A.A., Tkachev V.V., Vasilyev S., Velemínský P., Voyakin D., Yermolayeva A., Zahir M., Zubkov V.S., Zubova A., Shinde V., Lalueza-Fox C., Meyer M., Anthony D., Boivin N., Thangaraj K., Kennett D.J., Frachetti M., Pinhasi R., Reich D. 2019 The formation of human population in South and Central Asia. Science, vol. 365 (6457), art. No. eaat7487. URL: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7487</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narasimhan V.M., Patterson N., Moorjani P., Rohland N., Bernardos R., Mallick S., Lazaridis I., Nakatsuka N., Olalde I., Lipson M., Kim A.M., Olivieri L.M., Coppa A., Vidale M., Mallory J., Moiseyev V., Kitov E., Monge J., Adamski N., Alex N., Broomandkhoshbacht N., Candilio F., Callan K., Cheronet O., Culleton B.J., Ferry M., Fernandes D., Freilich S., Gamarra B., Gaudio D., Hajdinjak M., Harney É., Harper T.K., Keating D., Lawson A.M., Mah M., Mandl K., Michel M., Novak M., Oppenheimer J., Rai N., Sirak K., Slon V., Stewardson K., Zalzala F., Zhang Z., Akhatov G., Bagashev A.N., Bagnera A., Baitanayev B., Bendezu- Sarmiento J., Bissembaev A.A., Bonora G.L., Chargynov T.T., Chikisheva T., Dashkovskiy P.K., Derevianko A., Dobeš M., Douka K., Dubova N., Duisengali M.N., Enshin D., Epimakhov A., Fribus A.V., Fuller D., Goryachev A., Gromov A., Grushin S.P., Hanks B., Judd M., Kazizov E., Khokhlov A., Krygin A.P., Kupriyanova E., Kuznetsov P., Luiselli D., Maksudov F., Mamedov A.M., Mamirov T.B., Meiklejohn C., Merrett D.C., Micheli R., Mochalov O., Mustafokulov S., Nayak A., Pettener D., Potts R., Razhev D., Rykun M., Sarno S., Savenkova T.M., Sikhymbaeva K., Slepchenko S.M., Soltobaev O.A., Stepanova N., Svyatko S., Tabaldiev K., Teschler-Nicola M., Tishkin A.A., Tkachev V.V., Vasilyev S., Velemínský P., Voyakin D., Yermolayeva A., Zahir M., Zubkov V.S., Zubova A., Shinde V., Lalueza-Fox C., Meyer M., Anthony D., Boivin N., Thangaraj K., Kennett D.J., Frachetti M., Pinhasi R., Reich D. 2019 The formation of human population in South and Central Asia. Science, vol. 365 (6457), art. No. eaat7487. URL: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7487</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panyushkina I.P. 2013 Vozrast mogilnikov epokhi bronzy Lisakovskoy okrugi. In Pamyatniki Lisakovskoy okrugi: Arkheologicheskiye syuzhety, E.R. Usmanova (ed.). Karaganda, Lisakovsk: Tengri Ltd, pp. 196–204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panyushkina I.P. 2013 Vozrast mogilnikov epokhi bronzy Lisakovskoy okrugi. In Pamyatniki Lisakovskoy okrugi: Arkheologicheskiye syuzhety, E.R. Usmanova (ed.). Karaganda, Lisakovsk: Tengri Ltd, pp. 196–204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polyakov A.V. 2022 Khronologiya i kulturogenez pamyatnikov epokhi paleometalla Minusinskikh kotlovin. St. Petersburg: IIMK RAN.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyakov A.V. 2022 Khronologiya i kulturogenez pamyatnikov epokhi paleometalla Minusinskikh kotlovin. St. Petersburg: IIMK RAN.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poseleniye Mochishche i andronovskaya problema. 2018 S.A. Grigoriev, L. Y. Petrova, M.L. Pleshanov, E.V. Gushchina, Y.V. Vasina. Chelyabinsk: Tsitsero.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poseleniye Mochishche i andronovskaya problema. 2018 S.A. Grigoriev, L. Y. Petrova, M.L. Pleshanov, E.V. Gushchina, Y.V. Vasina. Chelyabinsk: Tsitsero.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reimer P., Austin W., Bard E., Bayliss A., Blackwell P., Bronk Ramsey C., Butzin M., Hai Ch., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K., Kromer B., Manning S.W., Muscheler R., Palmer J.G., Pearson C., Plicht J., van der, Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Scott E.M., Southon J.R., Turney C.S.M., Wacker L., Adolphi F., Büntgen U., Capano M., Fahrni S., FogtmannSchulz A., Friedrich R., Köhler P., Kudsk S., Miyake F., Olsen J., Reinig F., Sakamoto M., Sookdeo A., Talamo S. 2020 The IntCal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 CAL kBP). Radiocarbon, vol. 62 (4): 725–757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reimer P., Austin W., Bard E., Bayliss A., Blackwell P., Bronk Ramsey C., Butzin M., Hai Ch., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K., Kromer B., Manning S.W., Muscheler R., Palmer J.G., Pearson C., Plicht J., van der, Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Scott E.M., Southon J.R., Turney C.S.M., Wacker L., Adolphi F., Büntgen U., Capano M., Fahrni S., FogtmannSchulz A., Friedrich R., Köhler P., Kudsk S., Miyake F., Olsen J., Reinig F., Sakamoto M., Sookdeo A., Talamo S. 2020 The IntCal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 CAL kBP). Radiocarbon, vol. 62 (4): 725–757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhold S., Marchenko Zh.V., Molodin V.I. 2020 Radiocarbon dating of Andronovo complexes in the Baraba forest steppe: Diet, freshwater reservoir effects and chronology. In Radiouglerod v arkheologii i paleoekologii: Proshloye, nastoyashcheye, budushcheye. St. Petersburg: IIMK RAN, pp. 74–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhold S., Marchenko Zh.V., Molodin V.I. 2020 Radiocarbon dating of Andronovo complexes in the Baraba forest steppe: Diet, freshwater reservoir effects and chronology. In Radiouglerod v arkheologii i paleoekologii: Proshloye, nastoyashcheye, budushcheye. St. Petersburg: IIMK RAN, pp. 74–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salnikov K.V. 1967 Ocherki drevney istorii Yuzhnogo Urala. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salnikov K.V. 1967 Ocherki drevney istorii Yuzhnogo Urala. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schreiber F.A. 2021 Chronologie und Bestattungssitten mittel- und spätbronzezeitlicher Gräberfelder im Südural. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schreiber F.A. 2021 Chronologie und Bestattungssitten mittel- und spätbronzezeitlicher Gräberfelder im Südural. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefanov V.I., Korochkova O.N. 2006 Urefty I: Zauralskiy pamyatnik v andronovskom kontekste. Yekaterinburg: Izd. Ural. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefanov V.I., Korochkova O.N. 2006 Urefty I: Zauralskiy pamyatnik v andronovskom kontekste. Yekaterinburg: Izd. Ural. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svyatko S.V., Reimer P.J., Schulting R.J., Shevnina I., Logvin A., Voyakin D., Stobbe A., Merts I.V., Varfolomeev V., Soenov V., Tsydenova N. 2022 Freshwater reservoir effects in archaeological contexts of Siberia and the Eurasian steppe. Radiocarbon, vol. 64 (2): 377–388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svyatko S.V., Reimer P.J., Schulting R.J., Shevnina I., Logvin A., Voyakin D., Stobbe A., Merts I.V., Varfolomeev V., Soenov V., Tsydenova N. 2022 Freshwater reservoir effects in archaeological contexts of Siberia and the Eurasian steppe. Radiocarbon, vol. 64 (2): 377–388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakh V.A. 1995 Poselok drevnikh skotovodov na Tobole. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Zdanovich G.B. 1988 Bronzoviy vek uralo-kazakhstanskikh stepey (osnovy periodizatsii). Sverdlovsk: Izd. Ural. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakh V.A. 1995 Poselok drevnikh skotovodov na Tobole. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Zdanovich G.B. 1988 Bronzoviy vek uralo-kazakhstanskikh stepey (osnovy periodizatsii). Sverdlovsk: Izd. Ural. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
