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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-194</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПАЛЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ. КАМЕННЫЙ ВЕК</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Oldowan or Pebble-Flake Industry? Levantine Mousterian or Levantine Middle Paleolithic?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Олдованская или галечно-отщепная индустрия? Левантийское мустье или средний палеолит Леванта?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деревянко</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Derevianko</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">derev@archaeology.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 17, Новосибирск, 630090, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Derevianko A.P., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Деревянко А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Derevianko A.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/194">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/194</self-uri><abstract><p>The emergence of Levallois technique and the origin of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic, addressed in my previous publication, are revisited. In the fi nal Acheulean of the Levant, the Acheulo-Yabrudian industry emerged and the blade technology was invented. On that base, the Levantine Middle Paleolithic originated. The terms “Oldowan industry” and “Levantine Mousterian” should be abandoned. The Oldowan industry was associated with Homo habilis, who had never migrated outside Africa. Because early Middle Paleolithic industries originated from the Acheulo-Yabrudian industry of the Levant, they should be referred to as Middle Paleolithic rather than Mousterian. The Mousterian was associated with H. neanderthalensis, whereas the industries of territories where Neanderthals had not migrated should be referred to as Middle Paleolithic. Neanderthal migrations resulted in the emergence of Mousteroid industries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, Crimea, southern Siberia, etc. In Africa, a new taxon Homo heidelbergensis (H. rhodesiensis) originated ca 800 ka BP. Eventually, those humans migrated to the Near East, as evidenced by the Gesher Benot Ya’aqov site. Throughout the Middle Pleistocene, Near Eastern, primarily Levantine populations were involved in the sapienization process. By the early Upper Pleistocene, two sister taxa had apparently originated there: anatomically modern humans (Skhul, Qafzeh) and Palestinian Neanderthals (Tabun, Amud, Kebara). There was no radical change in Acheulean or Middle Paleolithic industries in the Levant that might suggest immigration from Africa or the adjacent territories of Eurasia. Anatomically modern humans associated with the Nubian Levallois industry migrated from Africa to Arabia ca 110 ka ago. They may have had short-term contacts with Levantine Middle Paleolithic populations, but archaeological evidence of acculturation is lacking.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Работа продолжает тему возникновения леваллуазской системы расщепления и среднеплейстоценовых индустрий Леванта. В финальном ашеле Леванта сформировалась ашело-ябрудийская индустрия и была выработана техника получения пластинчатых заготовок. На этой базе возник средний палеолит Леванта. Термины «олдованская индустрия» и «левантийское мустье» устарели. Олдованская индустрия принадлежала H. habilis, который не выходил за пределы Африки. Поскольку ранние среднепалеолитические индустрии сформировались в ашело-ябрудийской индустрии Леванта, их правильнее ассоциировать не с мустье, а со средним палеолитом Леванта. Индустрия мустье связана с H. neanderthalensis, а индустрии территорий, где неандертальцев не было, – со средним палеолитом. Миграции неандертальцев сопровождались появлением мустьероидной индустрии (Восточная Европа, Кавказ, Крым, Южная Сибирь и др.). В Африке ок. 800 тыс. л.н. появился новый таксон H. heidelbergensis (H. rhodesiensis). Он мигрировал на Ближний Восток, где с ним связано местонахождение Гешер Бенот Яаков. На протяжении среднего плейстоцена на Ближнем Востоке, прежде всего в Леванте, происходил процесс сапиентации. Возможно, к началу верхнего плейстоцена там сформировались два сестринских таксона: человек современного вида (Схул, Кафзех) и палестинские неандертальцы (Табун, Амуд, Кебара). В конце среднего – начале верхнего плейстоцена не было притока населения в Левант из Африки и с сопредельных территорий Евразии, которое могло вызвать радикальное изменение местных ашельских и среднепалеолитических индустрий. Люди современного вида – создатели нубийской леваллуазской индустрии – проникли из Африки в Аравию ок. 110 тыс. л.н. Вероятно, между ними и среднепалеолитическими популяциями Леванта были кратковременные контакты, однако археологически процесс аккультурации не прослеживается.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>олдованская индустрия</kwd><kwd>галечно-отщепная индустрия</kwd><kwd>мустье</kwd><kwd>средний палеолит</kwd><kwd>аккультурация</kwd><kwd>генный дрейф</kwd><kwd>H. heidelbergensis</kwd><kwd>H. neanderthalensis</kwd><kwd>H. sapiens</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Oldowan industry</kwd><kwd>pebble-flake industries</kwd><kwd>Mousterian</kwd><kwd>Middle Paleolithic</kwd><kwd>acculturation</kwd><kwd>genetic drift</kwd><kwd>H. heidelbergensis</kwd><kwd>H. neanderthalensis</kwd><kwd>H. sapiens</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айгнер Дж.С. 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