<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ И ПАЛЕОГЕНЕТИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Late Bronze And Iron Age Crania from Armenia: A Paleoecological Study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Краниологические материалы поздней эпохи бронзы и железного века из Армении в палеоэкологическом аспекте исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худавердян</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khudaverdyan</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">akhudaverdyan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт археологии и этнографии НАН Республики Армении ул. Чаренца, 15, Ереван, 0025, Армения</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Charents 15, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Khudaverdyan A.Y., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Худавердян А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khudaverdyan A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/205">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/205</self-uri><abstract><p>Results of a pathological examination of craniodental remains of 71 individuals buried at four Late Bronze and Iron Age cemeteries in the Sevan Basin, Armenia, are outlined. The general adaptation to the local environment appears to have been adequate. Among the pathogenic factors, those causing infections appear to have played a key role. Exposure to cold coinciding with chronic staphylococcal and streptococcal foci was likely the major cause of otitis media. Auditory exostoses, too, may indicate exposure to cold air and/or cold water. Periodontal disease and abscesses are frequent, attesting to poor dental hygiene. Dental calculus is nearly universal, indicating preference for viscous food, possibly rich in proteins. Pathological tooth wear is rare. Certain crania, mostly male, display traumatic lesions and the same applies to postcranial bones, likely evidencing violence. Two instances of decapitation were registered. Episodic stress markers point to adverse conditions such as infections, parasites, and starvation periods. Individuals who died before reaching maturity appear to have experienced maximal stress.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Были изучены скелетные и одонтологические остатки 71 индивида из могильников Норатус, Сарухан, Арцвакар и Кармир. Данное исследование позволяет сделать следующие выводы относительно здоровья обитателей Севанского бассейна в позднюю эпоху бронзы и железном веке. Общая оценка патологий в сериях свидетельствует об адекватной адаптации населения к конкретным условиям среды. Лидирующее место среди прочих неблагоприятных средовых факторов занимает инфекционный фон. Переохлаждение организма при наличии хронических очагов стафилококковой и стрептококковой природы могло провоцировать воспаление среднего уха. Зафиксированы факты присутствия экзостозов в ушных каналах. Окружающая среда (особенно температура воды и воздуха, ветер) играет важную роль в развитии остеофитных образований. Признаки некоторых заболеваний зубов, в частности одонтогенного остеомиелита и пародонтита, встречались относительно часто, что свидетельствует о плохой гигиене полости рта. Зубной камень имел почти тотальное распространение в популяциях. Данный факт и отсутствие кариеса указывают на вязкую еду, возможно, белкового происхождения. Для исследованных групп характерна низкая частота встречаемости патологической стертости жевательной поверхности зубных коронок. На черепах и посткраниальных скелетах наблюдались последствия нарушений целостности костей с травмами. Чаще травматические повреждения встречаются в мужской выборке. Травмы свидетельствуют об агрессивной среде. Зафиксированы также два случая отсечения головы у женщин. Распространение маркеров эпизодического стресса указывает на систематичное воздействие негативных факторов среды (инфекции, паразиты, периоды голодания). Индивиды, умершие в детском возрасте, при жизни испытывали наиболее сильные стрессы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Армения</kwd><kwd>поздняя эпоха бронзы</kwd><kwd>железный век</kwd><kwd>железодефицитная анемия</kwd><kwd>холодовый стресс</kwd><kwd>эмалевая гипоплазия</kwd><kwd>пищевой стресс</kwd><kwd>травмы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Armenia</kwd><kwd>Late Bronze Age</kwd><kwd>Iron Age</kwd><kwd>iron deficiency anemia</kwd><kwd>cold stress</kwd><kwd>dental enamel hypoplasia</kwd><kwd>nutritional stress</kwd><kwd>injury.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев В.П., Дебец Г.Ф. Краниометрия: Методика антропологических исследований. – М.: Наука, 1964. – 128 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Алексеев В.П., Дебец Г.Ф. Краниометрия: Методика антропологических исследований. – М.: Наука, 1964. – 128 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бужилова А.П. Древнее население (палеопатологические аспекты исследования). – М.: ИА РАН, 1995. – 189 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бужилова А.П. Древнее население (палеопатологические аспекты исследования). – М.: ИА РАН, 1995. – 189 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бужилова А.П. Палеопатология в биоархеологических реконструкциях // Историческая экология человека: Методика биологических исследований. – М.: ИА РАН, 1998. – С. 87–146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бужилова А.П. Палеопатология в биоархеологических реконструкциях // Историческая экология человека: Методика биологических исследований. – М.: ИА РАН, 1998. – С. 87–146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартиросян А.А. Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа. – Ереван: Изд-во АН АрмССР, 1964. – 346 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мартиросян А.А. Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа. – Ереван: Изд-во АН АрмССР, 1964. – 346 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Русаков А.В. Патологическая анатомия болезней костной системы. Введение в физио логию и патологию костной ткани. – М.: Медгиз, 1959. – 536 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Русаков А.В. Патологическая анатомия болезней костной системы. Введение в физио логию и патологию костной ткани. – М.: Медгиз, 1959. – 536 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Худавердян А.Ю., Деведжян С.Г., Еганян Л.Г. Способы обращения с телами умерших в памятниках Ширакаван и Лори Берд (Армения): по данным палеоантропологии // Вестн. археологии, антропологии и этнографии. – 2013. – № 4. – C. 80–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Худавердян А.Ю., Деведжян С.Г., Еганян Л.Г. Способы обращения с телами умерших в памятниках Ширакаван и Лори Берд (Армения): по данным палеоантропологии // Вестн. археологии, антропологии и этнографии. – 2013. – № 4. – C. 80–93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aufderheide A.C., Rodriguez-Martin C. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. – Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. – 496 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aufderheide A.C., Rodriguez-Martin C. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. – Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. – 496 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buikstra J.E., Ubelaker D.H. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. – Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeol. Survey, 1994. – 218 р. – (Arkansas Archaeol. Survey Res. Ser.; N 44).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buikstra J.E., Ubelaker D.H. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. – Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeol. Survey, 1994. – 218 р. – (Arkansas Archaeol. Survey Res. Ser.; N 44).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clarke N.G. Periodontal Defects of Pulpal Origin: Evidence in Early Man // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1990. – Vol. 82. – Р. 371–376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clarke N.G. Periodontal Defects of Pulpal Origin: Evidence in Early Man // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1990. – Vol. 82. – Р. 371–376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodman A.H., Armelagos G.J. Infant and Childhood Morbidity and Mortality Risks in Archaeological Populations // World Archaeol. – 1989. – Vol. 21, N 2. – Р. 225–243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodman A.H., Armelagos G.J. Infant and Childhood Morbidity and Mortality Risks in Archaeological Populations // World Archaeol. – 1989. – Vol. 21, N 2. – Р. 225–243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodman A.H., Martin D.L., Armelagos G.J., Qark G. Indications of stress from bones and teeth // Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture / eds. M.N. Cohen, G.J. Armelagos. – N. Y.: Acad. Press, 1984. – P. 13–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodman A.H., Martin D.L., Armelagos G.J., Qark G. Indications of stress from bones and teeth // Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture / eds. M.N. Cohen, G.J. Armelagos. – N. Y.: Acad. Press, 1984. – P. 13–49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hillson S. Dental Anthropology. – Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996. – 392 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hillson S. Dental Anthropology. – Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996. – 392 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakhanian A., Djrbashian R., Trifonov V., Philip H., Arakelian S., Avagian A. Holo cene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries // J. of Volcanol. and Geothermal Res. – 2002. – Vol. 113, N 1. – P. 319–344.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakhanian A., Djrbashian R., Trifonov V., Philip H., Arakelian S., Avagian A. Holo cene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries // J. of Volcanol. and Geothermal Res. – 2002. – Vol. 113, N 1. – P. 319–344.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khudaverdyan A.Yu. Decapitations in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age sites from Sevan region (Armenia) // J. of Siberian Federal Univ. Ser.: Humanities &amp; Social Sciences. – 2014. – Vol. 7, N 9. – P. 1555–1566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khudaverdyan A.Yu. Decapitations in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age sites from Sevan region (Armenia) // J. of Siberian Federal Univ. Ser.: Humanities &amp; Social Sciences. – 2014. – Vol. 7, N 9. – P. 1555–1566.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsen C.S., Sering L. Inferring iron defi ciency anemia from human skeletal remains: The case of the Georgia Bight // Bioarchaeological Studies in Life in the Age of Agriculture / ed. P. Lambert. – Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press, 2000. – P. 116–133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen C.S., Sering L. Inferring iron defi ciency anemia from human skeletal remains: The case of the Georgia Bight // Bioarchaeological Studies in Life in the Age of Agriculture / ed. P. Lambert. – Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press, 2000. – P. 116–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levin R.P. How treating the patient with diabetes can enhance your practice: recommendations for practice management // J. of the Am. Dent. Assoc. – 2003. – Vol. 134. -Р. 49S–53S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levin R.P. How treating the patient with diabetes can enhance your practice: recommendations for practice management // J. of the Am. Dent. Assoc. – 2003. – Vol. 134. -Р. 49S–53S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis M.A.O., MacFarlane T.W., McGowan D.A. Quantitative bacteriology of acute dento-alveolar abscesses // J. of Med. Microbiol. – 1986. – Vol. 21, iss. 2. – Р. 101–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis M.A.O., MacFarlane T.W., McGowan D.A. Quantitative bacteriology of acute dento-alveolar abscesses // J. of Med. Microbiol. – 1986. – Vol. 21, iss. 2. – Р. 101–104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meindl R.S., Lovejoy C.O. Ectoocranial suture closure: Arevised method for the determination of skeletal age based on the lateral-anterior sutures // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1985. – Vol. 68. – P. 79–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meindl R.S., Lovejoy C.O. Ectoocranial suture closure: Arevised method for the determination of skeletal age based on the lateral-anterior sutures // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1985. – Vol. 68. – P. 79–85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ortner D.J. Identifi cation of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. – 2nd ed. – L.: Acad. Press, 2003. – 645 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ortner D.J. Identifi cation of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. – 2nd ed. – L.: Acad. Press, 2003. – 645 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ortner D.J., Putschar W.G.J. Identifi cation of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. – Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. – 488 p. – (Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology; vol. 28).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ortner D.J., Putschar W.G.J. Identifi cation of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. – Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. – 488 p. – (Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology; vol. 28).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott E.C. Dental Wear Scoring Technique // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1979. – Vol. 51. – P. 213–218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott E.C. Dental Wear Scoring Technique // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1979. – Vol. 51. – P. 213–218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Standen V., Arriaza B.T., Santoro C.M. External auditory Exostosis in Prehistoric Chilean Populations: A Test of the Cold Water Hypothesis // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1997. – Vol. 103. – P. 119–129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Standen V., Arriaza B.T., Santoro C.M. External auditory Exostosis in Prehistoric Chilean Populations: A Test of the Cold Water Hypothesis // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1997. – Vol. 103. – P. 119–129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanton G. The Relation of Diet to Salivary Calculus Formation // J. of Periodontology. – 1969. – Vol. 40, N 3. – Р. 167–172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanton G. The Relation of Diet to Salivary Calculus Formation // J. of Periodontology. – 1969. – Vol. 40, N 3. – Р. 167–172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker P., Miller K., Richman R. Time, temperature, and oxygen availability: Аn experimental study of the effects of environmental conditions on the color and organic content of cremated bone // The analysis of burned human remains / eds. C. Schmidt, S. Symes. – L.: Acad. Press, 2008. – P. 129–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker P., Miller K., Richman R. Time, temperature, and oxygen availability: Аn experimental study of the effects of environmental conditions on the color and organic content of cremated bone // The analysis of burned human remains / eds. C. Schmidt, S. Symes. – L.: Acad. Press, 2008. – P. 129–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wells D.L., Coppersmith K.J. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement // Bull. of the Seismol. Soc. of America. – 1994. – Vol. 84, N 4. – P. 974–1002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wells D.L., Coppersmith K.J. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement // Bull. of the Seismol. Soc. of America. – 1994. – Vol. 84, N 4. – P. 974–1002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
