<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.1.143-153</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-2398</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANTHROPOLOGY AND PALEOGENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Uralians and Yeniseians: The Dialog Between Craniometry and Genomics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-8109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozintsev</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences.</p><p>Universitetskaya nab. 3, St. Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexanderkozintsev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>54</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>153</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kozintsev A.G., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/2398">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/2398</self-uri><abstract><p>To assess the agreement between recent paleogenomic data concerning the origin of Uralic- and Yeniseian-speaking populations and craniometric data, measurements of 109 recent and ancient male cranial samples were compared using multivariate statistics. Results do not contradict the conclusions reached by geneticists and partly support them by revealing ties between the Neolithic sample from Yakutia and the Bronze Age group from Tatarka Hill in the southern Chulym basin, and between the latter and modern Uralic-speaking groups. Also, the sample from Tatarka Hill exhibits ties with Yukaghirs. As in the case of genomics, Nganasans are the “easternmost” Uralic population. The other Northern Samoyedic group, Nenets, may have migrated from the Altai, in agreement with certain ethnographic facts. Likewise, craniometry does not contradict genomics by showing that Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Cisbaikalians could have been the earliest known ancestors of the Kets. N.L. Chhlenova’s hypothesis about the Yeniseian affinities of the Karasuk people is directly upheld by genetics, but only indirectly by craniometry. The latter supports L.A. Chindina’s idea that Kulaika people spoke Samoyedic. Other claims of archaeologists and linguists about the Samoyedic or Yeniseian attribution of various Siberian Bronze and Early Iron Age cultures are unsupported by craniometric data. The accretion of morphologically “western” traits in Uralians in the east-to-west direction was caused by two “western” components—steppe and Mesolithic Northeast European. In the west of the Uralic distribution area, both these components were substratal. An important factor in the origin of Baltic Finns and Komi was the adoption of Finnic languages by pre-Finnic populations of Northeastern Europe.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Uralians</kwd><kwd>Yeniseians</kwd><kwd>Samoyeds</kwd><kwd>paleogenomics</kwd><kwd>craniometry</kwd><kwd>multivariate statistics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">I thank K.N. Solodovnikov and T.M. Savenkova, who granted me access to the unpublished measurements of crania from Tatarka Hill, and the anonymous reviewer for useful comments.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aksyanova G.A., Evteev A.A. 2009 Mezhgruppovaya izmenchivost polovogo dimorfizma v stroyenii cherepa u korennogo naseleniya Severnoi i Tsentralnoi Azii. Etnograficheskoye obozreniye, No. 1: 61–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksyanova G.A., Evteev A.A. 2009 Mezhgruppovaya izmenchivost polovogo dimorfizma v stroyenii cherepa u korennogo naseleniya Severnoi i Tsentralnoi Azii. Etnograficheskoye obozreniye, No. 1: 61–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseev V.P. 1955 K kraniologii nganasanov. KSIE, iss. 24: 57–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev V.P. 1955 K kraniologii nganasanov. KSIE, iss. 24: 57–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseev V.P. 1969 Proiskhozhdeniye narodov Vostochnoi Evropy. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev V.P. 1969 Proiskhozhdeniye narodov Vostochnoi Evropy. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseev V.P. 1974 Kraniologicheskaya kharakteristika naseleniya Vostochnoi Fennoskandii (po materialam G.F. Debetza i avtora). In Rasogeneticheskiye protsessy v etnicheskoi istorii: Sbornik pamyati G.F. Debetza. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 85–105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev V.P. 1974 Kraniologicheskaya kharakteristika naseleniya Vostochnoi Fennoskandii (po materialam G.F. Debetza i avtora). In Rasogeneticheskiye protsessy v etnicheskoi istorii: Sbornik pamyati G.F. Debetza. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 85–105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseev V.P., Gokhman I.I. 1984 Antropologiya aziatskoi chasti SSSR. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev V.P., Gokhman I.I. 1984 Antropologiya aziatskoi chasti SSSR. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseev V.P., Gokhman I.I., Tumen D. 1987 Kratkiy ocherk paleoantropologii Tsentralnoi Azii (kamennyi vek – epokha rannego jeleza). In Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Mongolii. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 208–241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev V.P., Gokhman I.I., Tumen D. 1987 Kratkiy ocherk paleoantropologii Tsentralnoi Azii (kamennyi vek – epokha rannego jeleza). In Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Mongolii. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 208–241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseeva T.I. 1999 Drevneisheye naseleniye Vostochnoi Evropy. In Vostochnye slavyane: Antropologiya i etnicheskaya istoriya, T.I. Alekseeva (ed.). Moscow: Nauch. mir.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva T.I. 1999 Drevneisheye naseleniye Vostochnoi Evropy. In Vostochnye slavyane: Antropologiya i etnicheskaya istoriya, T.I. Alekseeva (ed.). Moscow: Nauch. mir.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagashev A.N. 2000 Paleoantropologiya Zapadnoi Sibiri: Lesostep v epokhu rannego zheleza. Novosibirsk: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagashev A.N. 2000 Paleoantropologiya Zapadnoi Sibiri: Lesostep v epokhu rannego zheleza. Novosibirsk: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagashev A.N. 2017 Antropologiya Zapadnoi Sibiri. Novosibirsk: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagashev A.N. 2017 Antropologiya Zapadnoi Sibiri. Novosibirsk: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagashev A.N. 2021 Kraniologicheskiye istochniki k probleme etnogeneza narymskikh selkupov. VAAE, No. 4: 113–124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagashev A.N. 2021 Kraniologicheskiye istochniki k probleme etnogeneza narymskikh selkupov. VAAE, No. 4: 113–124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balabanova M.A. 2010 Novye dannye ob antropologicheskom tipe sarmatov. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 2: 67–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balabanova M.A. 2010 Novye dannye ob antropologicheskom tipe sarmatov. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 2: 67–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chernykh E.N., Kuzminykh S.V. 1989 Drevnyaya metallurgiya Severnoi Evrazii (seiminsko-turbinskiy fenomen). Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernykh E.N., Kuzminykh S.V. 1989 Drevnyaya metallurgiya Severnoi Evrazii (seiminsko-turbinskiy fenomen). Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chikisheva T.A. 2012 Dinamika antropologicheskoi differentsiatsii naseleniya yuga Zapadnoi Sibiri v epokhi neolita – rannego zheleza. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chikisheva T.A. 2012 Dinamika antropologicheskoi differentsiatsii naseleniya yuga Zapadnoi Sibiri v epokhi neolita – rannego zheleza. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chikisheva T.A., Kim A.R. 1988 Antropologicheskiy sostav naseleniya Ob-Irtyshskogo mezhdurechiya v drevnetyurkskoye vremya. In Baraba v tyurkskoye vremya. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 129–163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chikisheva T.A., Kim A.R. 1988 Antropologicheskiy sostav naseleniya Ob-Irtyshskogo mezhdurechiya v drevnetyurkskoye vremya. In Baraba v tyurkskoye vremya. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 129–163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chikisheva T.A., Pozdnyakov D.V. 2006 Antropologicheskoye issledovaniye ymyyahtakhskogo voina iz mestnosti Kyordyugen. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 234–240.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chikisheva T.A., Pozdnyakov D.V. 2006 Antropologicheskoye issledovaniye ymyyahtakhskogo voina iz mestnosti Kyordyugen. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 234–240.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chikisheva T.A., Pozdnyakov D.V. 2019 The physical anthropology of the Odino people, Western Siberia. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 47 (4): 128–139. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chikisheva T.A., Pozdnyakov D.V. 2019 The physical anthropology of the Odino people, Western Siberia. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 47 (4): 128–139. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Childebayeva A., Fricke F., Rohrlach A.B., Huang L., Schiffels S., Vesakoski O., Mannermaa K., Semerau L., Aron F., Solodovnikov K., Rykun M., Moiseyev V., Khartanovich V, Kovtun I., Krause J., Kuzminykh S., Haak W. 2024 Bronze Age Northern Eurasian genetics in the context of development of metallurgy and Siberian ancestry. Communication Biology, vol. 7 (1), Art. No. 723. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06343-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Childebayeva A., Fricke F., Rohrlach A.B., Huang L., Schiffels S., Vesakoski O., Mannermaa K., Semerau L., Aron F., Solodovnikov K., Rykun M., Moiseyev V., Khartanovich V, Kovtun I., Krause J., Kuzminykh S., Haak W. 2024 Bronze Age Northern Eurasian genetics in the context of development of metallurgy and Siberian ancestry. Communication Biology, vol. 7 (1), Art. No. 723. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06343-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chindina L.A. 1984 Drevnyaya istoriya Srednego Priobiya v epokhu zheleza: Kulaiskaya kultura. Tomsk: Izd. Tomsk. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chindina L.A. 1984 Drevnyaya istoriya Srednego Priobiya v epokhu zheleza: Kulaiskaya kultura. Tomsk: Izd. Tomsk. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chlenova N.L. 1969 Sootnosheniye kultur karasukskogo tipa i ketskikh toponimov na territorii Sibiri. In Proiskhozhdeniye aborigenov Sibiri i ikh yazykov. Tomsk: Izd. Tomsk. Gos. Univ., pp. 143–146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chlenova N.L. 1969 Sootnosheniye kultur karasukskogo tipa i ketskikh toponimov na territorii Sibiri. In Proiskhozhdeniye aborigenov Sibiri i ikh yazykov. Tomsk: Izd. Tomsk. Gos. Univ., pp. 143–146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collinder B. 1940 Jukagirisch und Uralisch. Uppsala: Uppsala Univ. Årsskrift.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collinder B. 1940 Jukagirisch und Uralisch. Uppsala: Uppsala Univ. Årsskrift.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Debetz G.F. 1951 Antropologicheskiye issledovaniya v Kamchatskoi oblasti. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR. (TIE; vol. 17).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Debetz G.F. 1951 Antropologicheskiye issledovaniya v Kamchatskoi oblasti. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR. (TIE; vol. 17).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dremov V.A. 1997 Naseleniye Verkhnego Priobiya v epokhu bronzy (antropologicheskiy ocherk). Tomsk: Izd. Tomsk. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dremov V.A. 1997 Naseleniye Verkhnego Priobiya v epokhu bronzy (antropologicheskiy ocherk). Tomsk: Izd. Tomsk. Gos. Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flegontov P., Changmai P., Zidkova A., Logacheva M.D., Altinisik N.E., Flegontova O., Gelfand M.S., Gerasimov E.S., Khrameeva E.E., Konovalova O.P., Neretina T., Nikolsky Y.V., Starostin G., Stepanova V.V., Travinsky I.V., Tříska M., Tříska P., Tatarinova T.V. 2016 Genomic study of the Ket: A Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Scientific Reports, vol. 6, Art. No. 20768. doi: 10.1038/srep20768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flegontov P., Changmai P., Zidkova A., Logacheva M.D., Altinisik N.E., Flegontova O., Gelfand M.S., Gerasimov E.S., Khrameeva E.E., Konovalova O.P., Neretina T., Nikolsky Y.V., Starostin G., Stepanova V.V., Travinsky I.V., Tříska M., Tříska P., Tatarinova T.V. 2016 Genomic study of the Ket: A Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Scientific Reports, vol. 6, Art. No. 20768. doi: 10.1038/srep20768.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ginzburg V.V., Trofimova T.A. 1972 Paleoantropologiya Srednei Azii. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginzburg V.V., Trofimova T.A. 1972 Paleoantropologiya Srednei Azii. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gokhman I.I. 1982 Antropologicheskiye aspekty ketskoi problemy: Rezultaty antropometricheskikh i kraniologicheskikh issledovaniy. In Ketskiy sbornik: Antropologiya, etnografiya, mifologiya, lingvistika. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 7–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gokhman I.I. 1982 Antropologicheskiye aspekty ketskoi problemy: Rezultaty antropometricheskikh i kraniologicheskikh issledovaniy. In Ketskiy sbornik: Antropologiya, etnografiya, mifologiya, lingvistika. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 7–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gokhman I.I., Tomtosova L.F. 1992 Antropologicheskiye issledovaniya neoliticheskikh mogilnikov Diring-Yuryakh i Rodinka. In Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya v Yakutii. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 105–124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gokhman I.I., Tomtosova L.F. 1992 Antropologicheskiye issledovaniya neoliticheskikh mogilnikov Diring-Yuryakh i Rodinka. In Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya v Yakutii. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 105–124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golovnev A.V. 2023 Etnogenez kak pasiyans: O proiskhozhdenii samodiytsev i ugrov. Etnografiya, No. 3: 6–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovnev A.V. 2023 Etnogenez kak pasiyans: O proiskhozhdenii samodiytsev i ugrov. Etnografiya, No. 3: 6–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov A.V. 1991 Paleoantropologicheskiye materialy iz karasukskogo mogilnika Arban I. In Novye kollektsii i issledovaniya po antropologii i arkheologii. St. Petersburg: Nauka, pp. 42–47. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 44).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov A.V. 1991 Paleoantropologicheskiye materialy iz karasukskogo mogilnika Arban I. In Novye kollektsii i issledovaniya po antropologii i arkheologii. St. Petersburg: Nauka, pp. 42–47. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 44).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov A.V. 1997 Proiskhozhdeniye i svyazi naseleniya okunevskoi kultury. In Okunevskiy sbornik. St. Petersburg: Petro-RIF, pp. 301–358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov A.V. 1997 Proiskhozhdeniye i svyazi naseleniya okunevskoi kultury. In Okunevskiy sbornik. St. Petersburg: Petro-RIF, pp. 301–358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov A.V., Savenkova T.M. 2021 Kraniologicheskiye materialy iz mogilnika Oglakhty. Camera Praehistorica, No. 2: 124–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov A.V., Savenkova T.M. 2021 Kraniologicheskiye materialy iz mogilnika Oglakhty. Camera Praehistorica, No. 2: 124–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grünthal R., Heyd V., Holopainen S., Janhunen J.A., Khanina O., Miestamo M., Nichols J., Saarikivi J., Sinnemäki K. 2022 Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread. Diachronica, vol. 39 (4): 490–524. doi: 10.1075/dia.20038.gru.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grünthal R., Heyd V., Holopainen S., Janhunen J.A., Khanina O., Miestamo M., Nichols J., Saarikivi J., Sinnemäki K. 2022 Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread. Diachronica, vol. 39 (4): 490–524. doi: 10.1075/dia.20038.gru.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helimski E.A. 2000 Komparativistika, uralistika: Lektsii i statii. Moscow: Yazyki rus. kultury.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helimski E.A. 2000 Komparativistika, uralistika: Lektsii i statii. Moscow: Yazyki rus. kultury.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janhunen J. 2009 Proto-Uralic – what, where, and when? Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, vol. 258: 57–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janhunen J. 2009 Proto-Uralic – what, where, and when? Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, vol. 258: 57–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janhunen J.A. 2022 Velikoye proshloye malykh narodov (na primere samodiytsev). Arkheologiya evraziyskikh stepei, No. 2: 283–289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janhunen J.A. 2022 Velikoye proshloye malykh narodov (na primere samodiytsev). Arkheologiya evraziyskikh stepei, No. 2: 283–289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khartanovich V.I. 1980 Novye materialy k kraniologii saamov Kolskogo poluostrova. In Issledovaniya po paleoantropologii i kraniologii SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 35–47. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 36).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khartanovich V.I. 1980 Novye materialy k kraniologii saamov Kolskogo poluostrova. In Issledovaniya po paleoantropologii i kraniologii SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 35–47. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 36).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khartanovich V.I. 1986 Kraniologiya karel. In Antropologiya sovremennogo i drevnego naseleniya evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 63–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khartanovich V.I. 1986 Kraniologiya karel. In Antropologiya sovremennogo i drevnego naseleniya evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 63–120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khartanovich V.I. 1991 Kraniologiya komi-zyryan. In Novye kollektsii i issledovaniya po antropologii i arheologii. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 108–125. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 44).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khartanovich V.I. 1991 Kraniologiya komi-zyryan. In Novye kollektsii i issledovaniya po antropologii i arheologii. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 108–125. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 44).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khartanovich V.I. 1995 Materialy k kraniologii finnov. Antropologiya segodnya, iss. 1: 71–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khartanovich V.I. 1995 Materialy k kraniologii finnov. Antropologiya segodnya, iss. 1: 71–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khartanovich V.I. 2004 Kraniologiya izhor. In Rasy i narody, iss. 30. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 96–124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khartanovich V.I. 2004 Kraniologiya izhor. In Rasy i narody, iss. 30. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 96–124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khartanovich V.I., Shirobokov I.G. 2010 New craniometric evidence on the origin of the Karelians (the Kylalahti Kalmistomäki burial ground). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 138–147. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khartanovich V.I., Shirobokov I.G. 2010 New craniometric evidence on the origin of the Karelians (the Kylalahti Kalmistomäki burial ground). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1: 138–147. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.A. 2017 Morfogeneticheskiye protsessy v Volgo-Uralye v epokhu rannego golotsena (po kraniologicheskim materialam mezolita – bronzovogo veka). Samara. Samar. Gos. Sots.-Ped. Univ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.A. 2017 Morfogeneticheskiye protsessy v Volgo-Uralye v epokhu rannego golotsena (po kraniologicheskim materialam mezolita – bronzovogo veka). Samara. Samar. Gos. Sots.-Ped. Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 1992 Ethnic epigenetics: A new approach. Homo, vol. 43 (3): 213–244. URL: https://www.academia.edu/4734979/Ethnic_epigenetics_A_new_approach_1992_</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 1992 Ethnic epigenetics: A new approach. Homo, vol. 43 (3): 213–244. URL: https://www.academia.edu/4734979/Ethnic_epigenetics_A_new_approach_1992_</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 2004 Kety, uraltsy, “amerikanoidy”: Integratsiya kranio-metricheskikh i kranioskopicheskikh dannykh. In Paleo-antropologiya, etnicheskaya antropologiya, etnogenez: K 75-letiyu I.I. Gokhmana. St. Petersburg: MAE RAN, pp. 172–185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 2004 Kety, uraltsy, “amerikanoidy”: Integratsiya kranio-metricheskikh i kranioskopicheskikh dannykh. In Paleo-antropologiya, etnicheskaya antropologiya, etnogenez: K 75-letiyu I.I. Gokhmana. St. Petersburg: MAE RAN, pp. 172–185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 2018 Yuzhnyi adstrat v praindoevropeiskom yazyke i drevneishiy etap indoevropeiskoi istorii. Etnografiya, No. 1: 143–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 2018 Yuzhnyi adstrat v praindoevropeiskom yazyke i drevneishiy etap indoevropeiskoi istorii. Etnografiya, No. 1: 143–174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 2020 On the homelands of Indo-European and Eurasiatic: Geographic aspects of a lexicostatistical classification. Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 48 (1/2): 121–150. URL: https://www.academia.edu/43594756/On_the_Homelands_of_Indo_European_and_Eurasiatic_Geographic_Aspects_of_a_Lexicostatistical_Classification_2020_/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 2020 On the homelands of Indo-European and Eurasiatic: Geographic aspects of a lexicostatistical classification. Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 48 (1/2): 121–150. URL: https://www.academia.edu/43594756/On_the_Homelands_of_Indo_European_and_Eurasiatic_Geographic_Aspects_of_a_Lexicostatistical_Classification_2020_/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 2023 Okunev culture and the Dene-Caucasian macrofamily. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 51 (2): 66–73. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 2023 Okunev culture and the Dene-Caucasian macrofamily. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 51 (2): 66–73. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 2026a Origin of the modern populations of Western Siberia: Craniometric evidence. Part I: Classification and affinities with medieval groups. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, (in press). (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 2026a Origin of the modern populations of Western Siberia: Craniometric evidence. Part I: Classification and affinities with medieval groups. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, (in press). (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozintsev A.G. 2026b Origin of the modern populations of Western Siberia: Craniometric evidence. Part II: Possible ancestors in the Bronze and Early Iron Age. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, (in press). (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozintsev A.G. 2026b Origin of the modern populations of Western Siberia: Craniometric evidence. Part II: Possible ancestors in the Bronze and Early Iron Age. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, (in press). (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzminykh S.V. 2011 Seiminsko-turbinskaya problema: Novye materialy. KSIA, iss. 225: 240–263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzminykh S.V. 2011 Seiminsko-turbinskaya problema: Novye materialy. KSIA, iss. 225: 240–263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Librado P., Tressières G., Chauvey L., Fages A., Khan N., Schiavinato S., Calvière-Tonasso L., Kusliy M.A., Gaunitz C., Liu X., Wagner S., Der-Sarkissian C., Seguin-Orlando A., Perdereau A., Aury J.-M., Southon J., Shapiro B., Bouchez O., Donnadieu C., Collin Y.R., Gregersen K.M., Jessen M.D., Christensen K., Claudi-Hansen L., Pruvost M., Pucher E., Vulic H., Novak M., Rimpf A., Turk P., Reiter S., Brem G., Schwall C., Barrey É., Robert C., Degueurce C., Kolska Horwitz L., Klassen L., Rasmussen U., Kveiborg J., Johannsen N.N., Makowiecki D., Makarowicz P., Szeliga M., Ilchyshyn V., Rud V., Romaniszyn J., Mullin V.E., Verdugo M., Bradley D.G., Cardoso J.L., Valente M.J., Antunes M.T., Ameen C., Thomas R., Ludwig A., Marzullo M., Prato O., Bagnasco Gianni G.B., Tecchiati U., Granado J., Schlumbaum A., Deschler-Erb S., Schernik Mráz M., Boulbes N., Gardeisen A., Mayer C., Döhle H.-J., Vicze M., KosintsevP.A.,I Kyselý R., Peške L., O’Connor T., Ananyevskaya E., Shevnina I., Logvin A., Kovalev A.A., Iderkhangai T.-O., Sablin M.V., Dashkovskiy P.K., Graphodatsky A.S., Merts I., Merts V., Kasparov A.K., Pitulko V.V., OnarV., Öztan A., Arbuckle B.S., McColl H., Renaud G., Khaskhanov R., Demidenko S., Kadieva A., Atabiev B., Sundqvist M., Lindgren G., López-Cachero F.J., Albizuri S., Trbojević Vukičević T., Papeša A.R., Burić M., Rajić Šikanjić P., Weinstock J., Vilaró D.A., Codina F., García Dalmau C., Morer de Llorens J., Pou J., de Prado G., Sanmartí J., Kallala N., Torres J.R., Maraoui-Telmini B., Belarte Franco M.-C., Valenzuela-Lamas S., Zazzo A., Lepetz S., Duchesne S., Alexeev A., Bayarsaikhan J., Houle J.-L., Bayarkhuu N., Turbat T., Crubézy E., Shingiray I., Mashkour M., Berezina N.Y., Korobov D.S., Belinskiy A., Kalmykov A., Demoule J.-P., Reinhold S., Hansen S., Wallner B., Roslyakova N., Kuznetsov P.F., Tishkin A.A., Wincker P., Kanne K., Outram A., Orlando L. 2024 Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2,200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature, vol. 631 (8022): 819–825. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Librado P., Tressières G., Chauvey L., Fages A., Khan N., Schiavinato S., Calvière-Tonasso L., Kusliy M.A., Gaunitz C., Liu X., Wagner S., Der-Sarkissian C., Seguin-Orlando A., Perdereau A., Aury J.-M., Southon J., Shapiro B., Bouchez O., Donnadieu C., Collin Y.R., Gregersen K.M., Jessen M.D., Christensen K., Claudi-Hansen L., Pruvost M., Pucher E., Vulic H., Novak M., Rimpf A., Turk P., Reiter S., Brem G., Schwall C., Barrey É., Robert C., Degueurce C., Kolska Horwitz L., Klassen L., Rasmussen U., Kveiborg J., Johannsen N.N., Makowiecki D., Makarowicz P., Szeliga M., Ilchyshyn V., Rud V., Romaniszyn J., Mullin V.E., Verdugo M., Bradley D.G., Cardoso J.L., Valente M.J., Antunes M.T., Ameen C., Thomas R., Ludwig A., Marzullo M., Prato O., Bagnasco Gianni G.B., Tecchiati U., Granado J., Schlumbaum A., Deschler-Erb S., Schernik Mráz M., Boulbes N., Gardeisen A., Mayer C., Döhle H.-J., Vicze M., KosintsevP.A.,I Kyselý R., Peške L., O’Connor T., Ananyevskaya E., Shevnina I., Logvin A., Kovalev A.A., Iderkhangai T.-O., Sablin M.V., Dashkovskiy P.K., Graphodatsky A.S., Merts I., Merts V., Kasparov A.K., Pitulko V.V., OnarV., Öztan A., Arbuckle B.S., McColl H., Renaud G., Khaskhanov R., Demidenko S., Kadieva A., Atabiev B., Sundqvist M., Lindgren G., López-Cachero F.J., Albizuri S., Trbojević Vukičević T., Papeša A.R., Burić M., Rajić Šikanjić P., Weinstock J., Vilaró D.A., Codina F., García Dalmau C., Morer de Llorens J., Pou J., de Prado G., Sanmartí J., Kallala N., Torres J.R., Maraoui-Telmini B., Belarte Franco M.-C., Valenzuela-Lamas S., Zazzo A., Lepetz S., Duchesne S., Alexeev A., Bayarsaikhan J., Houle J.-L., Bayarkhuu N., Turbat T., Crubézy E., Shingiray I., Mashkour M., Berezina N.Y., Korobov D.S., Belinskiy A., Kalmykov A., Demoule J.-P., Reinhold S., Hansen S., Wallner B., Roslyakova N., Kuznetsov P.F., Tishkin A.A., Wincker P., Kanne K., Outram A., Orlando L. 2024 Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2,200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature, vol. 631 (8022): 819–825. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mamonova N.N. 1983 K voprosu o mezhgruppovykh razlichiyakh v neolite Pribaikaliya. Voprosy antropologii, No. 71: 88–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamonova N.N. 1983 K voprosu o mezhgruppovykh razlichiyakh v neolite Pribaikaliya. Voprosy antropologii, No. 71: 88–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matyushchenko V.I. 1970 Nozh iz mogilnika u derevni Rostovki. KSIA, iss. 123: 103–105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matyushchenko V.I. 1970 Nozh iz mogilnika u derevni Rostovki. KSIA, iss. 123: 103–105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moiseyev V.G. 2001 North Eurasian populations: Linguistic versus biological differentiation. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4: 154–159. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moiseyev V.G. 2001 North Eurasian populations: Linguistic versus biological differentiation. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4: 154–159. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molodin V.I., Romashchenko A.G., Voevoda M.I., Chikisheva T.A. 2000 Multidisciplinarnyi analiz nositeley pazyrykskoi kultury (arkheologiya, antropologiya, genetika). In Skify i sarmaty v VII–III vv. do n.e. Moscow: IA RAN, pp. 59–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodin V.I., Romashchenko A.G., Voevoda M.I., Chikisheva T.A. 2000 Multidisciplinarnyi analiz nositeley pazyrykskoi kultury (arkheologiya, antropologiya, genetika). In Skify i sarmaty v VII–III vv. do n.e. Moscow: IA RAN, pp. 59–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaeva I.A. 1988 Problema uralo-yukagirskikh geneticheskikh svyazei. Cand. Sci. (Philology) Dissertation. Inst. of Linguistics USSR Academy of Sciences. Moscow.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaeva I.A. 1988 Problema uralo-yukagirskikh geneticheskikh svyazei. Cand. Sci. (Philology) Dissertation. Inst. of Linguistics USSR Academy of Sciences. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poshekhonova O.E. 2011a Craniometric characteristics of the Ust-Ishim People (the southern taiga part of the Irtysh Basin, late 1st – early 2nd millennia AD). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4: 142–155. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poshekhonova O.E. 2011a Craniometric characteristics of the Ust-Ishim People (the southern taiga part of the Irtysh Basin, late 1st – early 2nd millennia AD). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4: 142–155. (In Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poshekhonova O.E. 2011b K srednevekovoi paleoantropologii yuzhno-taezhnogo Priirtyshiya (po materialam mogilnika IX–XVIII vv. na territorii Krasnoyarskogo arkheologicheskogo kompleksa). VAAE, No. 2: 152–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poshekhonova O.E. 2011b K srednevekovoi paleoantropologii yuzhno-taezhnogo Priirtyshiya (po materialam mogilnika IX–XVIII vv. na territorii Krasnoyarskogo arkheologicheskogo kompleksa). VAAE, No. 2: 152–166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poshekhonova O.E. 2018 Novye dannye po kraniologii verkhnetazovskikh selkupov. VAAE, No. 2: 109–118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poshekhonova O.E. 2018 Novye dannye po kraniologii verkhnetazovskikh selkupov. VAAE, No. 2: 109–118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pozdnyakov D.V. 2006 Paleoantropologiya naseleniya yuga Zapadnoi Sibiri epokhi srednevekoviya (vtoraya polovina I – pervaya polovina II tys. n.e.). Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pozdnyakov D.V. 2006 Paleoantropologiya naseleniya yuga Zapadnoi Sibiri epokhi srednevekoviya (vtoraya polovina I – pervaya polovina II tys. n.e.). Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rykushina G.V. 2007 Paleoantropologiya karasukskoi kultury. Moscow: Staryi sad.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rykushina G.V. 2007 Paleoantropologiya karasukskoi kultury. Moscow: Staryi sad.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shevchenko A.V. 1980 Antropologicheskaya kharakteristika naseleniya cherkaskulskoi kultury i voprosy ego etnogeneza. In Sovremennye problemy i novye metody v antropologii. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 163–183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko A.V. 1980 Antropologicheskaya kharakteristika naseleniya cherkaskulskoi kultury i voprosy ego etnogeneza. In Sovremennye problemy i novye metody v antropologii. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 163–183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solodovnikov K.N., Khokhlov A.N., Rykun M.P., Kravchenko G.G. 2016 K probleme transevraziiskikh migratsiy zapada i vostoka Severnoi Evrazii: Epokha kamnya i bronzy (po dannym arkheologii, antropologii i paleogenetiki). In Drevniye kultury Mongolii, Baikalskoi Sibiri i Severnogo Kitaya: Marerialy VII Mezhdunar. nauch. konf., vol. 2. Krasnoyarsk: Sibir. feder. univ., pp. 261–268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solodovnikov K.N., Khokhlov A.N., Rykun M.P., Kravchenko G.G. 2016 K probleme transevraziiskikh migratsiy zapada i vostoka Severnoi Evrazii: Epokha kamnya i bronzy (po dannym arkheologii, antropologii i paleogenetiki). In Drevniye kultury Mongolii, Baikalskoi Sibiri i Severnogo Kitaya: Marerialy VII Mezhdunar. nauch. konf., vol. 2. Krasnoyarsk: Sibir. feder. univ., pp. 261–268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solodovnikov K.N., Rykun M.P. 2011 Materialy k antropologii pakhomovskoi kultury epokhi bronzy Zapadnoi Sibiri. Vestnik antropologii, No. 19: 112–129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solodovnikov K.N., Rykun M.P. 2011 Materialy k antropologii pakhomovskoi kultury epokhi bronzy Zapadnoi Sibiri. Vestnik antropologii, No. 19: 112–129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomtosova L.F. 1980 Novye materialy po kraniologii sovremennykh yakutov. In Issledovaniya po paleoantropologii i kraniologii SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 121–129. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 36).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomtosova L.F. 1980 Novye materialy po kraniologii sovremennykh yakutov. In Issledovaniya po paleoantropologii i kraniologii SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 121–129. (Sbornik MAE; vol. 36).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uchaneva E.N., Kazarnitsky A.A., Gromov A.V., Lazaretova N.I. 2017 Naseleniye Minusinskoi kotloviny v rannem zheleznom veke: K voprosu o vnutrigruppovoi i mezhgruppovoi izmenchivosti. VAAE, No. 1: 78–87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uchaneva E.N., Kazarnitsky A.A., Gromov A.V., Lazaretova N.I. 2017 Naseleniye Minusinskoi kotloviny v rannem zheleznom veke: K voprosu o vnutrigruppovoi i mezhgruppovoi izmenchivosti. VAAE, No. 1: 78–87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uchaneva E.N., Savenkova T.M. 2019 Novye paleoantropologicheskiye materialy iz rannetesinskikh sklepov Minusinskoi kotloviny. Camera Praehistorica, No. 2: 123–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uchaneva E.N., Savenkova T.M. 2019 Novye paleoantropologicheskiye materialy iz rannetesinskikh sklepov Minusinskoi kotloviny. Camera Praehistorica, No. 2: 123–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uhlenbeck C.C. 1937 Indogermanic mother language and mother tribes complex. American Anthropologist, vol. 37 (3): 385–393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uhlenbeck C.C. 1937 Indogermanic mother language and mother tribes complex. American Anthropologist, vol. 37 (3): 385–393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadetskaya E.B. 1986 Arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki v stepyakh Srednego Eniseya. Leningrad: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadetskaya E.B. 1986 Arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki v stepyakh Srednego Eniseya. Leningrad: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vajda E. 2010 A Siberian link with Na-Dene languages. In The Dene-Yeniseian Connection. Fairbanks: Univ. of Alaska Press, pp. 33–99. URL: https://www.academia.edu/86720593/A_Siberian_Link_with_Na_Dene_Languages</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vajda E. 2010 A Siberian link with Na-Dene languages. In The Dene-Yeniseian Connection. Fairbanks: Univ. of Alaska Press, pp. 33–99. URL: https://www.academia.edu/86720593/A_Siberian_Link_with_Na_Dene_Languages</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasiliev V.I. 1979 Problemy formirovaniya severosamodiyskikh narodnostei. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiliev V.I. 1979 Problemy formirovaniya severosamodiyskikh narodnostei. Moscow: Nauka.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vitov M.V., Mark K.Y., Cheboksarov N.N. 1959 Etnicheskaya antropologiya Vostochnoi Pribaltiki. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vitov M.V., Mark K.Y., Cheboksarov N.N. 1959 Etnicheskaya antropologiya Vostochnoi Pribaltiki. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakhontov S.E. 1991 Prarodina nostraticheskikh yazykov. In Slavistika. Indoevropeistika. Nostratika: K 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V.A. Dybo: Tezizy dokladov. Moscow: Inst. slavyanovedeniya i balkanistiki AN SSSR, pp. 13–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhontov S.E. 1991 Prarodina nostraticheskikh yazykov. In Slavistika. Indoevropeistika. Nostratika: K 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V.A. Dybo: Tezizy dokladov. Moscow: Inst. slavyanovedeniya i balkanistiki AN SSSR, pp. 13–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakimov V.P. 1950 Cherep cheloveka bronzovogo veka iz Yakutii. In Okladnikov A.P. Lenskiye drevnosti, iss. 3. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 189–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakimov V.P. 1950 Cherep cheloveka bronzovogo veka iz Yakutii. In Okladnikov A.P. Lenskiye drevnosti, iss. 3. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 189–195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng T.C., Vyazov L.A., Kim A., Flegontov P., Sirak K., Maier R., Lazaridis I., Akbari A., Frachetti M., Tishkin A.A., Ryabogina N.E., Agapov S.A., Agapov D.S., Alekseev A.N., Boeskorov G.G., Derevianko A.P., DyakonovV.M., Enshin D.N., Fribus A.V., FrolovY.V., Grushin S.P., Khokhlov A.A., Kiryushin K.Y., Kiryushin Y.F., Kitov E.P., Kosintsev P., Kovtun I.V., Makarov N.P., Morozov V.V., Nikolaev E.N., Rykun M.P., Savenkova T.M., Shchelchkova M.V., Shirokov V., Skochina S.N., Sherstobitova O.S., Slepchenko S.M., Solodovnikov K.N., Solovyova E.N., Stepanov A.D., Timoshchenko A.A., Vdovin A.S., Vybornov A.V., Balanovska E.V., Dryomov S., Hellenthal G., Kidd K., Krause J., Starikovskaya E., Sukernik R., Tatarinova T., Thomas M.G., Zhabagin M., Callan K., Cheronet O., Fernandes D., Keating D., Candilio F., Iliev L., Kearns A., Özdoğan K.T., Mah M., Micco A., Michel M., Olalde I., Zalzala F., Mallick S., Rohland N., Pinhasi R., Narasimhan V.M., Reich D. 2025 Ancient DNA reveals the prehistory of the Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. Nature, vol. 644 (8075): 122–132. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09189-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng T.C., Vyazov L.A., Kim A., Flegontov P., Sirak K., Maier R., Lazaridis I., Akbari A., Frachetti M., Tishkin A.A., Ryabogina N.E., Agapov S.A., Agapov D.S., Alekseev A.N., Boeskorov G.G., Derevianko A.P., DyakonovV.M., Enshin D.N., Fribus A.V., FrolovY.V., Grushin S.P., Khokhlov A.A., Kiryushin K.Y., Kiryushin Y.F., Kitov E.P., Kosintsev P., Kovtun I.V., Makarov N.P., Morozov V.V., Nikolaev E.N., Rykun M.P., Savenkova T.M., Shchelchkova M.V., Shirokov V., Skochina S.N., Sherstobitova O.S., Slepchenko S.M., Solodovnikov K.N., Solovyova E.N., Stepanov A.D., Timoshchenko A.A., Vdovin A.S., Vybornov A.V., Balanovska E.V., Dryomov S., Hellenthal G., Kidd K., Krause J., Starikovskaya E., Sukernik R., Tatarinova T., Thomas M.G., Zhabagin M., Callan K., Cheronet O., Fernandes D., Keating D., Candilio F., Iliev L., Kearns A., Özdoğan K.T., Mah M., Micco A., Michel M., Olalde I., Zalzala F., Mallick S., Rohland N., Pinhasi R., Narasimhan V.M., Reich D. 2025 Ancient DNA reveals the prehistory of the Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. Nature, vol. 644 (8075): 122–132. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09189-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
