nscArchaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of EurasiaАрхеология, этнография и антропология Евразии1563-0110IAET SB RAS10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.1.091-097nsc-2408Research ArticleTHE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIODЭПОХА ПАЛЕОМЕТАЛЛАCoins from the Taskeshu Caravanseraihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-3224PachkalovA. V.

Associate Professor, Maxim Gorky Institute of Literature and Creative Writing.

Tverskoy Bulvar 25, Moscow, 123104

a.pachkalov@yahoo.comMaxim Gorky Institute of Literature and Creative WritingRussian Federation2026040420265419197Copyright © Pachkalov A.V., 20262026Pachkalov A.V.Pachkalov A.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/2408

This study focuses on Jochid coins excavated in 2023 at the Taskeshu caravanserai on the left bank of the Sagyz River, Kzylkoginsky District, Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan. This medieval site is located on one of the main stretches of the Great Silk Road, connecting the Lower Volga and Ural regions with Khorezm. The site has been known from written sources since the 19th century, but coins (two silver and 12 copper) were discovered there only in the 21st century. Most of the coins date to the reign of the Golden Horde khans Uzbek (1313–1341, 3 spec.) and Janibek (1341–1357, 10 spec.), i.e., to the heyday of the Jochi Ulus. Ten coins were minted in the Lower Volga region (Sarai and Sarai al-Jedid), and the remaining four in Khorezm. The sample suggests that even after the disastrous outbreak of plague in the 1340s, trade contacts along the northern section of the Great Silk Road continued no less intensely through the 1350s, while the disruption of trade links between Eastern Europe and China was most likely caused by internal wars in the second half of the 14th century.

Golden HordeJochi UlusKhorezmnumismaticscoinsGreat Silk RoadReferencesArkheologicheskaya karta Kazakhstana: Reyestr. 1960 E.I. Ageeva, K.A. Akishev, G.A. Kushaev, A.G. Maksimova, T.N. Senigova (comp.). Alma-Ata: Izd. AN KazSSR.Arkheologicheskaya karta Kazakhstana: Reyestr. 1960 E.I. Ageeva, K.A. Akishev, G.A. Kushaev, A.G. Maksimova, T.N. Senigova (comp.). Alma-Ata: Izd. AN KazSSR.Astafiev A.E., Petrov P.N. 2017 Poluostrov Mangyshlak v morskom torgovom soobshchenii epokhi Zolotoy Ordy (arkheologo-numizmaticheskoye issledovaniye). Arkheologiya yevraziyskikh stepey, No. 6: 101–115.Astafiev A.E., Petrov P.N. 2017 Poluostrov Mangyshlak v morskom torgovom soobshchenii epokhi Zolotoy Ordy (arkheologo-numizmaticheskoye issledovaniye). Arkheologiya yevraziyskikh stepey, No. 6: 101–115.Chuloshnikov A.P. 1924 Ocherki po istorii kazak-kirgizskogo naroda v svyazi s obshchimi istoricheskimi sudbami drugikh tyurkskikh plemen: Lektsii, chitanniye v Orenburgskom otdelenii Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo instituta v 1921 g. Pt. 1: Drevneye vremya i sredniye veka. Orenburg: Kirgiz. gos. izd.Chuloshnikov A.P. 1924 Ocherki po istorii kazak-kirgizskogo naroda v svyazi s obshchimi istoricheskimi sudbami drugikh tyurkskikh plemen: Lektsii, chitanniye v Orenburgskom otdelenii Moskovskogo arkheologicheskogo instituta v 1921 g. Pt. 1: Drevneye vremya i sredniye veka. Orenburg: Kirgiz. gos. izd.Egorov V.L. 1985 Istoricheskaya geografiya Zolotoy Ordy v XIII–XIV vv. Moscow: Nauka.Egorov V.L. 1985 Istoricheskaya geografiya Zolotoy Ordy v XIII–XIV vv. Moscow: Nauka.Emanov A.G. 1995 Sever i Yug v istorii kommertsii: Na materialakh Kafy XIII–XV vv. Tyumen: Rutra.Emanov A.G. 1995 Sever i Yug v istorii kommertsii: Na materialakh Kafy XIII–XV vv. Tyumen: Rutra.Evstratov I.V. 1997 O zolotoordynskikh gorodakh, nakhodivshikhsya na mestakh Selitrennogo i Tsarevskogo gorodishch (opyt ispolzovaniya monetnogo materiala dlya lokalizatsii srednevekovykh gorodov Povolzhya). In Epokha bronzy i ranniy zhelezniy vek v istorii drevnikh plemen yuzhnorusskikh stepey, pt. 2. Saratov: Saratov. Gos. Univ., pp. 88–118.Evstratov I.V. 1997 O zolotoordynskikh gorodakh, nakhodivshikhsya na mestakh Selitrennogo i Tsarevskogo gorodishch (opyt ispolzovaniya monetnogo materiala dlya lokalizatsii srednevekovykh gorodov Povolzhya). In Epokha bronzy i ranniy zhelezniy vek v istorii drevnikh plemen yuzhnorusskikh stepey, pt. 2. Saratov: Saratov. Gos. Univ., pp. 88–118.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1963 Nakhodki dzhuchidskikh monet. In Numizmatika i epigrafika, vol. IV. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 94–192.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1963 Nakhodki dzhuchidskikh monet. In Numizmatika i epigrafika, vol. IV. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 94–192.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1965 Numizmatika Khorezma zolotoordynskogo perioda. In Numizmatika i epigrafika, vol. V. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 179–224.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1965 Numizmatika Khorezma zolotoordynskogo perioda. In Numizmatika i epigrafika, vol. V. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 179–224.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1979 Monety s gorodishcha Shakherlik. In Etnografiya i arkheologiya Sredney Azii. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 122–127.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1979 Monety s gorodishcha Shakherlik. In Etnografiya i arkheologiya Sredney Azii. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 122–127.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1998 Iz istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniya srednevekovogo Khorezma. In Priaralye v drevnosti i srednevekovye. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 218–227.Fedorov-Davydov G.A. 1998 Iz istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniya srednevekovogo Khorezma. In Priaralye v drevnosti i srednevekovye. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 218–227.Garifolla A.G., Koltsov P.M. 2010 Arkheologicheskiye raskopki srednevekovogo gorodishcha Taskeshu. In Atyrauskiy gosudarstvenniy universitet im. K. Dosmukhamedova – sluzheniye obrazovaniyu i nauke regiona bolshe poluveka: Sbornik dokl. Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., posvyashch. 60-letnemu yubileyu vuza, vol. 1. Atyrau: Izd. Atyr. Gos. Univ., pp. 25–28.Garifolla A.G., Koltsov P.M. 2010 Arkheologicheskiye raskopki srednevekovogo gorodishcha Taskeshu. In Atyrauskiy gosudarstvenniy universitet im. K. Dosmukhamedova – sluzheniye obrazovaniyu i nauke regiona bolshe poluveka: Sbornik dokl. Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., posvyashch. 60-letnemu yubileyu vuza, vol. 1. Atyrau: Izd. Atyr. Gos. Univ., pp. 25–28.Karpov S.P. 2000 Latinskaya Romaniya. St. Petersburg: Aleteiya. Kasenov M.S., Koltsov P.M., Kuanysh S.O. 2016 Srednevekoviy karavan-saray Taskeshu. In Problemy arkheologii Nizhnego Povolzhya: Materialy V Mezhdunar. Nizhnevolzh. arkheol. konf., 15–18 noyab. 2016 g. Elista: Kalm. Gos. Univ. im. B.B. Gorodovikova, pp. 223–225.Karpov S.P. 2000 Latinskaya Romaniya. St. Petersburg: Aleteiya. Kasenov M.S., Koltsov P.M., Kuanysh S.O. 2016 Srednevekoviy karavan-saray Taskeshu. In Problemy arkheologii Nizhnego Povolzhya: Materialy V Mezhdunar. Nizhnevolzh. arkheol. konf., 15–18 noyab. 2016 g. Elista: Kalm. Gos. Univ. im. B.B. Gorodovikova, pp. 223–225.Kasenov M.S., Koltsov P.M., Kuanysh S.O., Koltsova K.P. 2015 Nekotoriye itogi izucheniya srednevekovogo gorodishcha Taskeshu v rayone r. Sagyz. Vestnik Prikaspiya: Arkheologiya, istoriya, etnologiya, No. 5: 19–28.Kasenov M.S., Koltsov P.M., Kuanysh S.O., Koltsova K.P. 2015 Nekotoriye itogi izucheniya srednevekovogo gorodishcha Taskeshu v rayone r. Sagyz. Vestnik Prikaspiya: Arkheologiya, istoriya, etnologiya, No. 5: 19–28.Koltsov P.M., Koltsova K.P. 2013 Karavan-saray Taskeshu kak istochnik po izucheniyu srednevekovykh karavannykh putei na stepnykh prostranstvakh Yevrazii. Vestnik Kalmytskogo instituta gumanitarnykh issledovaniy RAN, vol. 6 (1): 22–24.Koltsov P.M., Koltsova K.P. 2013 Karavan-saray Taskeshu kak istochnik po izucheniyu srednevekovykh karavannykh putei na stepnykh prostranstvakh Yevrazii. Vestnik Kalmytskogo instituta gumanitarnykh issledovaniy RAN, vol. 6 (1): 22–24.Koltsov P.M., Koltsova K.P. 2016 Srednevekoviy karavan-saray Taskeshu v Zapadnom Kazakhstane. In Materialy Pervogo Madzharskogo arkheologicheskogo foruma. Kazan: Kazan. nedvizhimost, pp. 49–52. (Arkheologiya yevraziyskikh stepey; No. 23).Koltsov P.M., Koltsova K.P. 2016 Srednevekoviy karavan-saray Taskeshu v Zapadnom Kazakhstane. In Materialy Pervogo Madzharskogo arkheologicheskogo foruma. Kazan: Kazan. nedvizhimost, pp. 49–52. (Arkheologiya yevraziyskikh stepey; No. 23).Koltsov P.M., Koltsova K.P., Garifolla A., Kasenov M.S., Kuanysh S.O. 2012 Raskopki mezhdunarodnoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii srednevekovogo karavan-saraya Taskeshu v Zapadnom Kazakhstane: (Predvaritelniye itogi). Vestnik Prikaspiya: Arkheologiya, istoriya, etnologiya, No. 3: 25–33.Koltsov P.M., Koltsova K.P., Garifolla A., Kasenov M.S., Kuanysh S.O. 2012 Raskopki mezhdunarodnoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii srednevekovogo karavan-saraya Taskeshu v Zapadnom Kazakhstane: (Predvaritelniye itogi). Vestnik Prikaspiya: Arkheologiya, istoriya, etnologiya, No. 3: 25–33.Levshin A.I. 1832 Opisaniye kirgiz-kazachyikh, ili kirgiz-kaisatskikh ord i stepey. Pt. I: Izvestiya geograficheskiye. St. Petersburg: [Tip. K. Kraiya].Levshin A.I. 1832 Opisaniye kirgiz-kazachyikh, ili kirgiz-kaisatskikh ord i stepey. Pt. I: Izvestiya geograficheskiye. St. Petersburg: [Tip. K. Kraiya].Manylov Y.P., Yusupov N.Y. 1982 Karavan-saray Tsentralnogo Ustyurta (v predelakh Karakalpakskoy ASSR). Sovetskaya arkheologiya, No. 1: 170–182.Manylov Y.P., Yusupov N.Y. 1982 Karavan-saray Tsentralnogo Ustyurta (v predelakh Karakalpakskoy ASSR). Sovetskaya arkheologiya, No. 1: 170–182.Markham C.R. 1912 Book of Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships that are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords who Possess them. London: The Hakluyt Society.Markham C.R. 1912 Book of Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships that are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords who Possess them. London: The Hakluyt Society.Meyer L. 2007 Kazakhskaya step Orenburgskogo vedomstva. [2nd edition]. Astana: Altyn kіtap.Meyer L. 2007 Kazakhskaya step Orenburgskogo vedomstva. [2nd edition]. Astana: Altyn kіtap.Muktar A.K., Akhmetova U.T., Imashev E.Z. 2023 Zolotoordynskiye karavanniye puti i karavan-saray na yuge i yugo-zapade Zapadnogo Kazakhstana i yuge Volgo-Uralskogo mezhdurechya v XIII–XVI vv. Oriental Studies, vol. 16 (5): 1065–1086.Muktar A.K., Akhmetova U.T., Imashev E.Z. 2023 Zolotoordynskiye karavanniye puti i karavan-saray na yuge i yugo-zapade Zapadnogo Kazakhstana i yuge Volgo-Uralskogo mezhdurechya v XIII–XVI vv. Oriental Studies, vol. 16 (5): 1065–1086.Pachkalov A.V. 2018 Zolotaya Orda po dannym numizmaticheskikh istochnikov. Moscow: Knorus.Pachkalov A.V. 2018 Zolotaya Orda po dannym numizmaticheskikh istochnikov. Moscow: Knorus.Pegolotti F.B. 1936 La Pratica délla Mercatura, A. Evans (ed.). Cambridge: Medieval Academy of America.Pegolotti F.B. 1936 La Pratica délla Mercatura, A. Evans (ed.). Cambridge: Medieval Academy of America.Petrov P.N., Muktar A.K., Bikkinyaev N.K., Zhumabaev A.Z. 2022 Numizmaticheskiye nakhodki v srednevekovom gorode Saraichuk po rezultatam arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy, pt. I. Materialy po arkheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Prichernomorya, No. 14: 382–404.Petrov P.N., Muktar A.K., Bikkinyaev N.K., Zhumabaev A.Z. 2022 Numizmaticheskiye nakhodki v srednevekovom gorode Saraichuk po rezultatam arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy, pt. I. Materialy po arkheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Prichernomorya, No. 14: 382–404.Rudakov V.G. 2000 K voprosu o dvukh stolitsakh v Zolotoy Orde i mestopolozhenii goroda Gyulistana. In Nauchnoye naslediye A.P. Smirnova i sovremenniye problemy arkheologii Volgo-Kamya: Materialy nauch. konf. Moscow: GIM, pp. 305–323. (Trudy GIM; iss. 122).Rudakov V.G. 2000 K voprosu o dvukh stolitsakh v Zolotoy Orde i mestopolozhenii goroda Gyulistana. In Nauchnoye naslediye A.P. Smirnova i sovremenniye problemy arkheologii Volgo-Kamya: Materialy nauch. konf. Moscow: GIM, pp. 305–323. (Trudy GIM; iss. 122).Saipakov B.S. 1990 Klad serebryanykh monet XIV v. iz karavan-saraya Aiata. In Arkheologiya Priaralya, iss. 4. Tashkent: Fan, pp. 159–166.Saipakov B.S. 1990 Klad serebryanykh monet XIV v. iz karavan-saraya Aiata. In Arkheologiya Priaralya, iss. 4. Tashkent: Fan, pp. 159–166.Samashev Z. 1998 Issledovaniye zolotoordynskogo goroda Saraichik. In Problemy izucheniya i sokhraneniya istoricheskogo naslediya: Materialy Mezhdunar. arkheol. konf. Almaty: [s.n.], pp. 137–162.Samashev Z. 1998 Issledovaniye zolotoordynskogo goroda Saraichik. In Problemy izucheniya i sokhraneniya istoricheskogo naslediya: Materialy Mezhdunar. arkheol. konf. Almaty: [s.n.], pp. 137–162.Samashev Z., Burnasheva R., Bazylkhan N., Plakhov V. 2006 Monety Saraichika. Almaty: Grapho-art.Samashev Z., Burnasheva R., Bazylkhan N., Plakhov V. 2006 Monety Saraichika. Almaty: Grapho-art.Tasmagambetov I., Samashev Z. 2001 Saraichik. Almaty: Berel.Tasmagambetov I., Samashev Z. 2001 Saraichik. Almaty: Berel.Tiesenhausen V.G. 1884 Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy. Vol. I: Izvlecheniya iz sochineniy arabskikh. St. Petersburg: [s.n.].Tiesenhausen V.G. 1884 Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy. Vol. I: Izvlecheniya iz sochineniy arabskikh. St. Petersburg: [s.n.].Tolstov S.P. 1953 Khorezmskaya arkheologo-etnograficheskaya ekspeditsiya Akademii Nauk SSSR 1950 g. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, vol. XVIII: 301–325.Tolstov S.P. 1953 Khorezmskaya arkheologo-etnograficheskaya ekspeditsiya Akademii Nauk SSSR 1950 g. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, vol. XVIII: 301–325.Tolstov S.P. 1958 Raboty Khorezmskoi arkheologo-etnograficheskoy ekspeditsii v 1949–1953 gg. In Trudy Khorezmskoy arkheologo-etnograficheskoy ekspeditsii, vol. II. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 7–258.Tolstov S.P. 1958 Raboty Khorezmskoi arkheologo-etnograficheskoy ekspeditsii v 1949–1953 gg. In Trudy Khorezmskoy arkheologo-etnograficheskoy ekspeditsii, vol. II. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 7–258.Yanina S.A. 1954 Dzhuchidskiye monety iz raskopok i sborov Kuibyshevskoy ekspeditsii v Bolgarakh v 1946–1952 gg. In Trudy Kuibyshevskoy arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii, vol. I. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 424–484. (MIA; No. 42).Yanina S.A. 1954 Dzhuchidskiye monety iz raskopok i sborov Kuibyshevskoy ekspeditsii v Bolgarakh v 1946–1952 gg. In Trudy Kuibyshevskoy arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii, vol. I. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 424–484. (MIA; No. 42).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.