<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.2.127-134</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-2478</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ETHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Dwelling in Traditional Khakas Culture: A Structural-Semiotic Aspect</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burnakov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>630090; Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17; Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">venariy@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>54</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Burnakov V.A., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Burnakov V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Burnakov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/2478">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/2478</self-uri><abstract><p>   Using historical, ethnographic, and semiotic approaches, this study analyzes the dwelling (primarily the yurt—ib) as a central element in Khakas cultural space. In the traditional worldview, the house is not merely a physical shelter but a complex sociocultural and sacred construct, a microcosm that models the universe. The key binary opposition between the two worlds—“our own (safe, predictable, cultural) versus alien (dangerous, wild)”—is analyzed in detail. The boundary between them is the threshold and the door of the house, facing eastwards. The interior of the yurt has undergone a strict semiotic structuring. The existence of sex (male versus female halves) and status dichotomy (honorary tör zone versus non-privileged one at the entrance) is confirmed, regulating not just the placement of people and objects but also behavioral norms and ritual practices, such as the burial of the afterbirth. The sacred hierarchy of the dwelling’s loci is demonstrated: places with a special status were the hearth (symbolic center of the house and family), the smoke hole (tünük—a channel of communication with the celestial world), and the threshold (the boundary between the domestic and the alien space, the abode of the patron spirit). The semantic significance of all elements of the dwelling is demonstrated, as evidenced by numerous prohibitions, prescriptions, and rituals (domestic, wedding, funerary) associated with the door, the threshold, and the hearth. The house was conceived as the source and repository of the clan’s vital force (khuyakh), and its well-being directly depended on maintaining intra-family harmony and observing ritual norms. Thus, using Khakas cultural material, this study reveals an intrinsic connection between the architectonics of the dwelling, social organization, mythological worldview, and the system of subsistence strategies, wherein the house served as the primary instrument for “mastering” and “humanizing” the space.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Khakas</kwd><kwd>dwelling</kwd><kwd>traditional worldview</kwd><kwd>semiotic structuring</kwd><kwd>social organization</kwd><kwd>ritualization process</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was carried out under the R&amp;D Project of the IAET SB RAS, “Ethnocultural and Ethnosocial Processes Among the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East in the 17&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;–21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Centuries: Formation and Dynamics” (FWZG-2025-0011, NIOKTR 125021001826-6)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baiburin A.K. 1983 Zhilishche v obryadakh i predstavleniyakh vostochnykh slavyan. Leningrad: Nauka. 190 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baiburin A.K. 1983 Zhilishche v obryadakh i predstavleniyakh vostochnykh slavyan. Leningrad: Nauka. 190 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burnakov V.A. 2006 Dukhi Srednego mira v traditsionnom mirovozzrenii khakasov. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 197 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burnakov V.A. 2006 Dukhi Srednego mira v traditsionnom mirovozzrenii khakasov. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 197 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burnakov V.A. 2011 Zhilishche v traditsionnykh verovaniyakh i obryadnosti khakasov. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 10. Iss. 7: Arkheologiya i etnografi ya: 308–322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burnakov V.A. 2011 Zhilishche v traditsionnykh verovaniyakh i obryadnosti khakasov. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 10. Iss. 7: Arkheologiya i etnografi ya: 308–322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burnakov V.A. 2024 Derevo v traditsionnoy pokhoronnoy obryadnosti khakasov (konets XIX – seredina XX vv). Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 23. No. 5: Arkheologiya i etnografiya: 143–155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burnakov V.A. 2024 Derevo v traditsionnoy pokhoronnoy obryadnosti khakasov (konets XIX – seredina XX vv). Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 23. No. 5: Arkheologiya i etnografiya: 143–155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butanaev V.Y. 1988 Pogrebalno-pominalniye obryady khakasov v XIX – nachale XX vv. In Istoriko-kulturniye svyazi narodov Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Abakan: KhakNIIYaLI, pp. 107–132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butanaev V.Y. 1988 Pogrebalno-pominalniye obryady khakasov v XIX – nachale XX vv. In Istoriko-kulturniye svyazi narodov Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Abakan: KhakNIIYaLI, pp. 107–132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butanaev V.Y. 1996 Traditsionnaya kultura i byt khakasov. Abakan: Khakas. kn. izd. 224 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butanaev V.Y. 1996 Traditsionnaya kultura i byt khakasov. Abakan: Khakas. kn. izd. 224 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butanaev V.Y. 1997 Poseleniya i zhilishcha khakasov. In Sibirskiy etnograficheskiy sbornik, iss. 8. Moscow: IEA RAN, pp. 118–139. (Narody Sibiri; bk. 3).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butanaev V.Y. 1997 Poseleniya i zhilishcha khakasov. In Sibirskiy etnograficheskiy sbornik, iss. 8. Moscow: IEA RAN, pp. 118–139. (Narody Sibiri; bk. 3).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danilova N.K. 2008 Zhilishche v sisteme traditsionnogo mirovospriyatiya naroda sakha. Filologiya i chelovek, No. 3: 42–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilova N.K. 2008 Zhilishche v sisteme traditsionnogo mirovospriyatiya naroda sakha. Filologiya i chelovek, No. 3: 42–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danilova N.K. 2011 Traditsionnoye zhilishche naroda sakha: Prostranstvo. Dom. Ritual. Novosibirsk: Geo. 122 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilova N.K. 2011 Traditsionnoye zhilishche naroda sakha: Prostranstvo. Dom. Ritual. Novosibirsk: Geo. 122 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gennep A., van. 2002 Obryady perekhoda: Sistematicheskoye izucheniye obryadov. Moscow: Vost. lit. 198 p. (Etnograficheskaya biblioteka).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gennep A., van. 2002 Obryady perekhoda: Sistematicheskoye izucheniye obryadov. Moscow: Vost. lit. 198 p. (Etnograficheskaya biblioteka).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khakassko-russkiy slovar. 2006 Novosibirsk: Nauka. 1114 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khakassko-russkiy slovar. 2006 Novosibirsk: Nauka. 1114 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuznetsova A.A., Kulakov P.E. 1898 Minusinskiye i achinskiye inorodtsy. Krasnoyarsk: Yenis. gub. stat. kom. 298 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsova A.A., Kulakov P.E. 1898 Minusinskiye i achinskiye inorodtsy. Krasnoyarsk: Yenis. gub. stat. kom. 298 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyzlasov I.L. 2005 Pratyurkskiye zhilishcha: Obsledovaniye sayano-altayskikh drevnostey. Moscow: IA RAN. 94 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kyzlasov I.L. 2005 Pratyurkskiye zhilishcha: Obsledovaniye sayano-altayskikh drevnostey. Moscow: IA RAN. 94 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matveev A.V. 2012 Traditsionnaya kultura puteshestviya naseleniya Srednego Priirtyshya. Omsk: Nauka. 196 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev A.V. 2012 Traditsionnaya kultura puteshestviya naseleniya Srednego Priirtyshya. Omsk: Nauka. 196 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrovskikh P.Y. 1895 Etnograficheskiye zametki o tyurkakh Minusinskogo kraya. Zhivaya starina, iss. 3/4: 297–348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrovskikh P.Y. 1895 Etnograficheskiye zametki o tyurkakh Minusinskogo kraya. Zhivaya starina, iss. 3/4: 297–348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patachakov K.M. 1958 Kultura i byt khakasov v svete istoricheskikh svyazey s russkim narodom (XVIII–XIX vv.). Abakan: Khak. kn. izd. 104 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patachakov K.M. 1958 Kultura i byt khakasov v svete istoricheskikh svyazey s russkim narodom (XVIII–XIX vv.). Abakan: Khak. kn. izd. 104 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patachakov K.M. 1982 Ocherki materialnoy kultury khakasov. Abakan: Khakas. otd. Krasnoyar. kn. izd. 88 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patachakov K.M. 1982 Ocherki materialnoy kultury khakasov. Abakan: Khakas. otd. Krasnoyar. kn. izd. 88 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plyusnin Y.M. 1994 Etologicheskiye podkhody k probleme arkheologicheskikh rekonstruktsiy. In Metodologiya i metodika arkheologicheskikh rekonstruktsiy. Novosibirsk: IAET SO RAN, pp. 37–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plyusnin Y.M. 1994 Etologicheskiye podkhody k probleme arkheologicheskikh rekonstruktsiy. In Metodologiya i metodika arkheologicheskikh rekonstruktsiy. Novosibirsk: IAET SO RAN, pp. 37–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prishchepa Y.V. 2018 Zhilishcha naseleniya Khakassko-Minusinskogo kraya v traditsionnoy sisteme zhizneobespecheniya XVIII–XX vv. (na primere khakasov i russkikh starozhilov). Abakan: Brigantina. 180 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prishchepa Y.V. 2018 Zhilishcha naseleniya Khakassko-Minusinskogo kraya v traditsionnoy sisteme zhizneobespecheniya XVIII–XX vv. (na primere khakasov i russkikh starozhilov). Abakan: Brigantina. 180 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prishchepa Y.V. 2022 Istoriya khakasskogo traditsionnogo zhilishcha v XVIII– XX vv. St. Petersburg: Izd. Politekh. Gos. Univ. 157 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prishchepa Y.V. 2022 Istoriya khakasskogo traditsionnogo zhilishcha v XVIII– XX vv. St. Petersburg: Izd. Politekh. Gos. Univ. 157 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sagalaev A.M. 1991 Uralo-altaiskaya mifologiya: Simvol i arkhetip. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 160 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sagalaev A.M. 1991 Uralo-altaiskaya mifologiya: Simvol i arkhetip. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 160 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchukin N.S. 1847 Narody turskogo yazyka, obitayushchiye v Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Zhurnal Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, pt. 18: 255–284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchukin N.S. 1847 Narody turskogo yazyka, obitayushchiye v Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Zhurnal Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, pt. 18: 255–284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shibaeva Y.A. 1950 Iz istorii khakasskogo zhilishcha. KSIE, iss. 10: 40–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibaeva Y.A. 1950 Iz istorii khakasskogo zhilishcha. KSIE, iss. 10: 40–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sodnompilova M.M. 2005 Semantika zhilishcha v traditsionnoy kulture buryat. Irkutsk: Radian. 218 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sodnompilova M.M. 2005 Semantika zhilishcha v traditsionnoy kulture buryat. Irkutsk: Radian. 218 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Traditsionnoye mirovozzreniye tyurkov Yuzhnoy Sibiri. 1988 Prostranstvo i vremya: Veshchniy mir. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 225 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Traditsionnoye mirovozzreniye tyurkov Yuzhnoy Sibiri. 1988 Prostranstvo i vremya: Veshchniy mir. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 225 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsivyan T.V. 1978 Dom v folklornoy modeli mira. In Semiotika kultury. Tartu: Tart. Gos. Univ., pp. 65–85. (Trudy po znakovym sistemam; iss. 10). (Ucheniye zapiski Tart. Gos. Univ.; iss. 463).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsivyan T.V. 1978 Dom v folklornoy modeli mira. In Semiotika kultury. Tartu: Tart. Gos. Univ., pp. 65–85. (Trudy po znakovym sistemam; iss. 10). (Ucheniye zapiski Tart. Gos. Univ.; iss. 463).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakovlev Y.K. 1900 Etnograficheskiy obzor inorodcheskogo naseleniya doliny Yuzhnogo Yeniseya i obyasnitelniy katalog etnograficheskogo otdela muzeya, iss. 4. Minusinsk: [Tip. V.I. Kornakova]. 212 p. (Opisaniye Minusinskogo muzeya; iss. IV).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev Y.K. 1900 Etnograficheskiy obzor inorodcheskogo naseleniya doliny Yuzhnogo Yeniseya i obyasnitelniy katalog etnograficheskogo otdela muzeya, iss. 4. Minusinsk: [Tip. V.I. Kornakova]. 212 p. (Opisaniye Minusinskogo muzeya; iss. IV).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhukovskaya N.L. 1986 Prostranstvo i vremya v mirovozzrenii mongolov. In Mify, kulty, obryady narodov zarubezhnoy Azii. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 118–135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukovskaya N.L. 1986 Prostranstvo i vremya v mirovozzrenii mongolov. In Mify, kulty, obryady narodov zarubezhnoy Azii. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 118–135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
