<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0110</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IAET SB RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.1.023-032</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsc-556</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПАЛЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ. КАМЕННЫЙ ВЕК</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Water and Cosmology in the Stone Age of Northeastern Europe</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вода в мировоззрении населения Северо-Восточной Европы в каменном веке</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8696-1707</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нордквист</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nordqvist</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философии, научный сотрудник</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kerkko.nordqvist@helsinki.fi</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-4406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Херва</surname><given-names>В.-П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Herva</surname><given-names>V.-P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философии, профессор Университета Оулу</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vesa-pekka.herva@oulu.fi</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6111-3362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Санделл</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sandell</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр философии, независимый исследователь</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sarita.sandell@gmail.com</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Хельсинки</institution><country>Финляндия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Helsinki</institution><country>Finland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Оулу, Финляндия</institution><country>Финляндия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Oulu</institution><country>Finland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>47</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Nordqvist K., Herva V., Sandell S., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нордквист К., Херва В., Санделл С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nordqvist K., Herva V., Sandell S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/556">https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/556</self-uri><abstract><p>This paper explores water and watery places as sacred elements among the cultures of the northern boreal zone during the Stone Age, and especially the Neolithic period, through materials deriving from Northwestern Russia and Fennoscandia. The peculiarity and importance of water and certain watery environments, like rivers, lakes, bogs, waterfalls, and rapids, are discussed through depositional practices of material culture, mainly lithic artifacts. Rock-art provides further tools for approaching the topic, not only through its locations in the landscape but also through its motifs, which allow parallels to be drawn to later ethnographical sources and folklore, too. Finally, the paper briefl y touches upon the rationality behind making a strict separation between “sacred” and “mundane” when interpreting prehistoric cultural phenomena. Water was integral to human life in many different ways, but bodies of water and watery places could also be threatening and unpredictable. Therefore water would have been an ambivalent element, probably invested with signifi cant cultural meanings in the Stone Age world.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена изучению воды и водных объектов как сакральных элементов в культурах каменного века (в первую очередь неолита) северной части лесной полосы Восточной Европы на материалах, происходящих преимущественно с территории Северо-Запада России и Фенноскандии. Особая значимость воды и определенных водных элементов ландшафта, таких как реки, озера, болота, водопады и пороги, рассматривается в контексте древних практик помещения в природную среду предметов материальной культуры, в первую очередь каменных артефактов. Другим источником для освещения этой темы являются памятники наскального искусства, как в силу ландшафтной приуроченности этих объектов, так и благодаря представленным в них мотивам, параллели которым можно найти в этнографических материалах и фольклоре. Наконец, кратко рассматривается вопрос о разграничении «сакрального» и «профанного» при интерпретации культурных феноменов доисторической древности. Вода является важным элементом человеческого существования во многих аспектах, но водные объекты могут также быть опасными и непредсказуемыми. Таким образом, вода имела двойственное значение, и этому элементу окружающей среды в каменном веке мог придаваться соответствующий смысл.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анимизм</kwd><kwd>каменный век</kwd><kwd>космология</kwd><kwd>материальная культура</kwd><kwd>наскальное искусство</kwd><kwd>релятивистская онтология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Animism</kwd><kwd>cosmology</kwd><kwd>material culture</kwd><kwd>relational ontology</kwd><kwd>rock-art</kwd><kwd>Stone Age</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках научного проекта «Использование сырья в Северо-Восточной Европе и ее неолитизация (ок. 6000–1000 гг. до н.э.)» («The use of materials and the Neolithisation of north-east Europe (c. 6000–1000 BC)») при поддержке Академии Финляндии и Университета Оулу, проект № 269066 (К. Нордквист и В.-П. Херва) и «Программа гуманинитарных наук Хельсинкского университета» («Helsinki University Humanities Programme») (2018–2021) (К. Нордквист). Перевод с английского языка сделан научным сотрудником МАЭ РАН канд. ист. наук Д.В. Герасимовым</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брюсов А.Я. История древней Карелии. – М.: ГИМ, 1940. – 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Брюсов А.Я. История древней Карелии. – М.: ГИМ, 1940. – 320 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герман К.Э., Мельников И.В. Археологические исследования в заповеднике «Кивач» в 2014–2016 гг. // Культурные процессы в циркумбалтийском пространстве в раннем и среднем голоцене: докл. междунар. науч. конф., посвящ. 70-летию со дня рождения В.И. Тимофеева. СанктПетербург, Россия, 26–28 апр. 2017 г. – СПб.: МАЭ РАН, 2017. – С. 181–186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Герман К.Э., Мельников И.В. Археологические исследования в заповеднике «Кивач» в 2014–2016 гг. // Культурные процессы в циркумбалтийском пространстве в раннем и среднем голоцене: докл. междунар. науч. конф., посвящ. 70-летию со дня рождения В.И. Тимофеева. СанктПетербург, Россия, 26–28 апр. 2017 г. – СПб.: МАЭ РАН, 2017. – С. 181–186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурина Н.Н. Оленеостровский могильник. – М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1956. – 429 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гурина Н.Н. Оленеостровский могильник. – М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1956. – 429 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жульников А.М. Петроглифы Карелии: Образ мира и миры образов. – Петрозаводск: Скандинавия, 2006. – 222 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Жульников А.М. Петроглифы Карелии: Образ мира и миры образов. – Петрозаводск: Скандинавия, 2006. – 222 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кочкуркина С.И. Археологические памятники Карелии: каталог. – Петрозаводск: КарНЦ РАН, 2007. – 198 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кочкуркина С.И. Археологические памятники Карелии: каталог. – Петрозаводск: КарНЦ РАН, 2007. – 198 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобанова Н.В., Филатова В.Ф. Археологические памятники в районе Онежских петроглифов. – М.: Рус. фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2015. – 464 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лобанова Н.В., Филатова В.Ф. Археологические памятники в районе Онежских петроглифов. – М.: Рус. фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2015. – 464 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нордквист К., Херва В.-П., Санделл С. Вода и водные объекты как сакральные элементы в эпоху неолита–энеолита на Северо-Западе России // Археология сакральных мест России: тез. докл. науч. конф. с междунар. участием. Соловки, 7–12 сент. 2016 г. – Архангельск, 2016. – С. 25–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Нордквист К., Херва В.-П., Санделл С. Вода и водные объекты как сакральные элементы в эпоху неолита–энеолита на Северо-Западе России // Археология сакральных мест России: тез. докл. науч. конф. с междунар. участием. Соловки, 7–12 сент. 2016 г. – Архангельск, 2016. – С. 25–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савватеев Ю.А. Залавруга: Археологические памятники низовья реки Выг. – Л.: Наука, 1977. – Ч. 2: Стоянки. – 323 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Савватеев Ю.А. Залавруга: Археологические памятники низовья реки Выг. – Л.: Наука, 1977. – Ч. 2: Стоянки. – 323 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сериков Ю.Б. К вопросу о сакральном использовании акватории озер и рек // Тверской археологический сборник. – Тверь: Триада, 2015. – Вып. 10, т. I. – С. 440–446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сериков Ю.Б. К вопросу о сакральном использовании акватории озер и рек // Тверской археологический сборник. – Тверь: Триада, 2015. – Вып. 10, т. I. – С. 440–446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шумкин В.Я., Колпаков Е.М., Мурашкин А.И. Некоторые итоги новых раскопок могильника на Большом Оленьем острове Баренцева моря // Зап. ИИМК РАН. – 2006. – Вып. 1. – С. 42–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шумкин В.Я., Колпаков Е.М., Мурашкин А.И. Некоторые итоги новых раскопок могильника на Большом Оленьем острове Баренцева моря // Зап. ИИМК РАН. – 2006. – Вып. 1. – С. 42–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aldhouse-Gren M. Dying for the Gods: Human Sacrifi ce in Iron Age and Roman Europe. – Stroud: Tempus, 2002. – 240 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aldhouse-Gren M. Dying for the Gods: Human Sacrifi ce in Iron Age and Roman Europe. – Stroud: Tempus, 2002. – 240 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berezkin Y. The Pleiades as Openings, the Milky Way as the Path of Birds, and the Girl on the Moon: Cultural Links across Northern Eurasia // Folklore. – 2010. – Vol. 44. – P. 7–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berezkin Y. The Pleiades as Openings, the Milky Way as the Path of Birds, and the Girl on the Moon: Cultural Links across Northern Eurasia // Folklore. – 2010. – Vol. 44. – P. 7–34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bird-David N. ‘Animism’ Revisited: Personhood, Environment and Relational Epistemology // Current Anthropol. – 1999. – Vol. 40, N S1. – P. 67–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bird-David N. ‘Animism’ Revisited: Personhood, Environment and Relational Epistemology // Current Anthropol. – 1999. – Vol. 40, N S1. – P. 67–91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley R. Archaeology of Natural Places. – L.: Routledge, 2000. – 177 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley R. Archaeology of Natural Places. – L.: Routledge, 2000. – 177 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown L.A., Walker W.H. Prologue: Archaeology, Animism, and Non-Human Agents // J. of Archaeol. Method and Theory. – 2008. – Vol. 15. – P. 297–299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown L.A., Walker W.H. Prologue: Archaeology, Animism, and Non-Human Agents // J. of Archaeol. Method and Theory. – 2008. – Vol. 15. – P. 297–299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chadwick A.M. Routine Magic, Mundane Ritual: Towards a Unified Notion of Depositional Practice // Oxford J. of Archaeol. – 2012. – Vol. 31, iss. 3. – P. 283–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chadwick A.M. Routine Magic, Mundane Ritual: Towards a Unified Notion of Depositional Practice // Oxford J. of Archaeol. – 2012. – Vol. 31, iss. 3. – P. 283–315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edgren H. Suomen kampakeraamisen kulttuurin reikäkivet. – Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto, 1978. – 114 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edgren H. Suomen kampakeraamisen kulttuurin reikäkivet. – Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto, 1978. – 114 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edgren T. Formgivning och function: En kamkeramisk studie. – Helsinki: Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys, 1982. – 78 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edgren T. Formgivning och function: En kamkeramisk studie. – Helsinki: Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys, 1982. – 78 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fredengren C. Water Politics: Wet Deposits of Human and Animal Remains in Uppland, Sweden // Fornvännen. – 2015. – Vol. 110. – P. 161–183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fredengren C. Water Politics: Wet Deposits of Human and Animal Remains in Uppland, Sweden // Fornvännen. – 2015. – Vol. 110. – P. 161–183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gjerde J.M. Rock Art and Landscapes: Studies of Stone Age Rock Art from Northern Fennoscandia. – Tromsø: Univ. of Tromsø, 2010. – 505 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gjerde J.M. Rock Art and Landscapes: Studies of Stone Age Rock Art from Northern Fennoscandia. – Tromsø: Univ. of Tromsø, 2010. – 505 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldhahn J. Roaring Rocks: An Audio-visual Perspective on Hunter-gatherer Engravings in Northern Sweden and Scandinavia // Norweg. Archaeol. Rev. – 2002. – Vol. 35, iss. 1. – P. 29–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldhahn J. Roaring Rocks: An Audio-visual Perspective on Hunter-gatherer Engravings in Northern Sweden and Scandinavia // Norweg. Archaeol. Rev. – 2002. – Vol. 35, iss. 1. – P. 29–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grönhagen J. Ristiinan Astuvansalmi, muinainen kulttipaikkako? // Suomen Museo. – 1994. – Vol. 101. – S. 5–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grönhagen J. Ristiinan Astuvansalmi, muinainen kulttipaikkako? // Suomen Museo. – 1994. – Vol. 101. – S. 5–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hallgren F. Mesolithic Skull Deposits at Kanaljordern, Motala, Sweden // Current Swed. Archaeol. – 2011. – Vol. 19. – P. 244–246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hallgren F. Mesolithic Skull Deposits at Kanaljordern, Motala, Sweden // Current Swed. Archaeol. – 2011. – Vol. 19. – P. 244–246.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helskog K. The Shore Connection. Cognitive Landscape and Communication with Rock Carvings in Northernmost Europe // Norweg. Archaeol. Rev. – 1999. – Vol. 32, iss. 2. – P. 73–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helskog K. The Shore Connection. Cognitive Landscape and Communication with Rock Carvings in Northernmost Europe // Norweg. Archaeol. Rev. – 1999. – Vol. 32, iss. 2. – P. 73–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herva V.-P. Living (with) Things: Relational Ontology and Material Culture in Early Modern Northern Finland // Cambr. Archaeol. J. – 2009. – Vol. 19, iss. 3. – P. 388–397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herva V.-P. Living (with) Things: Relational Ontology and Material Culture in Early Modern Northern Finland // Cambr. Archaeol. J. – 2009. – Vol. 19, iss. 3. – P. 388–397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herva V.-P., Ylimaunu T. Coastal Cosmologies: Longterm Perspectives on the Perception Understanding of Dynamic Coastal Landscapes in the Northern Baltic Sea Region // Time and Mind. – 2014. – Vol. 7, iss. 2. – P. 183–202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herva V.-P., Ylimaunu T. Coastal Cosmologies: Longterm Perspectives on the Perception Understanding of Dynamic Coastal Landscapes in the Northern Baltic Sea Region // Time and Mind. – 2014. – Vol. 7, iss. 2. – P. 183–202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holbraad M. Ontology, Ethnography, Archaeology. An Afterword on the Ontography of Things // Cambr. Archaeol. J. – 2009. – Vol. 19, iss. 3. – P. 431–441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holbraad M. Ontology, Ethnography, Archaeology. An Afterword on the Ontography of Things // Cambr. Archaeol. J. – 2009. – Vol. 19, iss. 3. – P. 431–441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huurre M. Satakunnan kivikausi // Satakunnan historia 1. – Rauma: Satakunnan maakuntaliitto, 1991. – S. 85–323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huurre M. Satakunnan kivikausi // Satakunnan historia 1. – Rauma: Satakunnan maakuntaliitto, 1991. – S. 85–323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuusi M., Bosley K., Branch M. Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic. – Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 1977. – 607 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuusi M., Bosley K., Branch M. Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic. – Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 1977. – 607 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lahelma A. Excavating Art. A ‘Ritual Deposit’ Associated with the Rock Paintings of Valkeisaari, Eastern Finland // Fennoscandia Archaeologica. – 2006. – Vol. XXIII. – P. 2–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lahelma A. Excavating Art. A ‘Ritual Deposit’ Associated with the Rock Paintings of Valkeisaari, Eastern Finland // Fennoscandia Archaeologica. – 2006. – Vol. XXIII. – P. 2–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lahelma A. A Touch of Red: Archaeological and Ethnographic Approaches to Interpreting Finnish Rock Paintings. – Helsinki: Finnish Antiquarian Soc., 2008. – 77 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lahelma A. A Touch of Red: Archaeological and Ethnographic Approaches to Interpreting Finnish Rock Paintings. – Helsinki: Finnish Antiquarian Soc., 2008. – 77 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lahelma A. Strange Swans and Odd Ducks: Interpreting the Ambiguous Waterfowl Imagery of Lake Onega // Visualising the Neolithic: Abstraction, Figuration, Performance, Representation. – Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012. – P. 15–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lahelma A. Strange Swans and Odd Ducks: Interpreting the Ambiguous Waterfowl Imagery of Lake Onega // Visualising the Neolithic: Abstraction, Figuration, Performance, Representation. – Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012. – P. 15–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsson L. Water and Fire as Transformation Elements in Ritual Deposits of the Scandinavian Neolithic // Documenta Praehistorica. – 2011. – Vol. XXXVIII. – P. 69–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsson L. Water and Fire as Transformation Elements in Ritual Deposits of the Scandinavian Neolithic // Documenta Praehistorica. – 2011. – Vol. XXXVIII. – P. 69–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis-Williams D., Dowson T. Through the Veil: San Rock Paintings and the Rock Face // South African Archaeol. Bull. – 1990. – Vol. 45. – P. 5–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis-Williams D., Dowson T. Through the Veil: San Rock Paintings and the Rock Face // South African Archaeol. Bull. – 1990. – Vol. 45. – P. 5–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordqvist K. Kiviniemen seutu kivikaudelta keskiaikaan // Kuohuva Kiviniemi: Sakkolassa Karjalan kannaksella. – Lempäälä: Sakkola-säätiö, 2013. – S. 20–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordqvist K. Kiviniemen seutu kivikaudelta keskiaikaan // Kuohuva Kiviniemi: Sakkolassa Karjalan kannaksella. – Lempäälä: Sakkola-säätiö, 2013. – S. 20–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordqvist K. The Stone Age of north-eastern Europe 5500–1800 calBC: Bridging the gap between the East and the West. – Oulu: Univ. of Oulu, 2018. – 164 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordqvist K. The Stone Age of north-eastern Europe 5500–1800 calBC: Bridging the gap between the East and the West. – Oulu: Univ. of Oulu, 2018. – 164 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordqvist K., Seitsonen O. The Finnish Archaeological Activities in the Present-day Karelian Republic until 1944 // Fennoscandia Archaeologica. – 2008. – Vol. XXV. – P. 27–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordqvist K., Seitsonen O. The Finnish Archaeological Activities in the Present-day Karelian Republic until 1944 // Fennoscandia Archaeologica. – 2008. – Vol. XXV. – P. 27–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pääkkönen L.V. Kesämatkoja Venäjän Karjalassa sekä hajanaisia kuvauksia Karjalan kansan nykyisyydestä ja entisyydestä. – Helsinki: Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys, 1898. – 257 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pääkkönen L.V. Kesämatkoja Venäjän Karjalassa sekä hajanaisia kuvauksia Karjalan kansan nykyisyydestä ja entisyydestä. – Helsinki: Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys, 1898. – 257 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pälsi S. Ein Steinzeitlicher Moorfund // Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja. – 1920. – Vol. 28, N 2. – S. 1–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pälsi S. Ein Steinzeitlicher Moorfund // Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja. – 1920. – Vol. 28, N 2. – S. 1–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pentikäinen J. Saamelaiset. Pohjoisen kansan mytologia. – Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1995. – 408 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pentikäinen J. Saamelaiset. Pohjoisen kansan mytologia. – Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1995. – 408 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rainbird P. The Archaeology of Islands. – Cambridge: Cambr. Univ. Press, 2007. – 200 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rainbird P. The Archaeology of Islands. – Cambridge: Cambr. Univ. Press, 2007. – 200 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruohonen J. Kuolleiden saaret: Historiallisen ajan keskisuomalaisten saarihautausmaiden luonne ja käyttö hautapaikkoina. // J@rgonia. – 2010. – Vol. 17. – S. 1–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruohonen J. Kuolleiden saaret: Historiallisen ajan keskisuomalaisten saarihautausmaiden luonne ja käyttö hautapaikkoina. // J@rgonia. – 2010. – Vol. 17. – S. 1–25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saarnisto M. Emergence History of Karelian Isthmus // Karelian Isthmus – Stone Age Studies in 1998–2003. – Helsinki: Finnish Antiquarian Society, 2008. – P. 128–139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saarnisto M. Emergence History of Karelian Isthmus // Karelian Isthmus – Stone Age Studies in 1998–2003. – Helsinki: Finnish Antiquarian Society, 2008. – P. 128–139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarmela M. Suomen perinneatlas. – Helsinki: Finnish Literature Soc., 1994. – 259 s. – (Suomen kansankulttuurin kartasto; N 2).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarmela M. Suomen perinneatlas. – Helsinki: Finnish Literature Soc., 1994. – 259 s. – (Suomen kansankulttuurin kartasto; N 2).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siikala A.-L. Suomalainen šamanismi: Mielikuvien historiaa. – Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1992. – 359 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siikala A.-L. Suomalainen šamanismi: Mielikuvien historiaa. – Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1992. – 359 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takala H. Äyräpään kihlakunnan esihistoria I: Muinaislöydöt 1847–1944. – Lahti: Vuoksen vartio, 2005. – 216 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takala H. Äyräpään kihlakunnan esihistoria I: Muinaislöydöt 1847–1944. – Lahti: Vuoksen vartio, 2005. – 216 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wessman A. Levänluhta: A Place of Punishment, Sacrifi ce or Just a Common Cemetery // Fennoscandia Archaeologica. – 2009. – Vol. XXVI. – P. 81–105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wessman A. Levänluhta: A Place of Punishment, Sacrifi ce or Just a Common Cemetery // Fennoscandia Archaeologica. – 2009. – Vol. XXVI. – P. 81–105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Westerdahl C. Seal on Land, Elk at Sea: Notes on and Applications of the Ritual Landscape at the Seaboard // Intern. J. of Nautical Archaeol. – 2005. – Vol. 34. – P. 2–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Westerdahl C. Seal on Land, Elk at Sea: Notes on and Applications of the Ritual Landscape at the Seaboard // Intern. J. of Nautical Archaeol. – 2005. – Vol. 34. – P. 2–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
