nscArchaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of EurasiaАрхеология, этнография и антропология Евразии1563-0110IAET SB RAS10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.2.148-157nsc-693Research ArticleАНТРОПОЛОГИЯ И ПАЛЕОГЕНЕТИКАAntemortem Cranial Injuries in the Altai Mountains Pastoralists of the Scythian and Xiongnu-Sarmatian Periods (5th Century BC to 5th Century AD)Прижизненные травмы черепа у скотоводов Горного Алтая скифского и гунно-сарматского времени (V в. до н.э. – V в. н.э.)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-6525ТурС. С.TurS. S.

кандидат исторических наук, заведующая кабинетом антропологии Музея археологии и этнографии Алтая,

пр. Ленина, 61, Барнаул, 656049

Pr. Lenina 61, Barnaul, 656049

tursvetlana@mail.ruАлтайский государственный университетРоссияAltai State UniversityRussian Federation201926062019472148157Copyright © Tur S.S., 20192019Тур С.С.Tur S.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/693

This article describes healed cranial injuries in the Altai Mountains pastoralists of the Early Iron Age, the increased prevalence of which may testify to interpersonal violence aimed rather at injuring than killing the opponent. Skulls of more than 500 adults from burials of the Pazyryk (5th to 3rd century BC) and Bulan-Koba (2nd century BC to 5th century AD) cultures have been analyzed. On the world scale, the level of nonlethal violence among the Altai Mountains pastoralists was moderate (25.5 % in males and 9.1 % in females). The frequencies, however, differ between the southern and northern Pazyryk populations (males, 35.7 % vs. 15.3 %, respectively; females, 16.7 % vs. 5.6 %) and between the early and late periods of Bulan-Koba (males, 32.7 % vs. 22.1 %; females, 10.0 % vs. 6.3 %, respectively). The high prevalence of injuries among the Pazyryk people from the high-altitude valleys of the Southeastern and Southern Altai might indicate scramble for limited resources under a harsh climate, whereas the high frequency among the early Bulan-Koba pastoralists could have resulted from an infl ow of migrants. In the Xiongnu-Sarmatian period, as compared to the Scythian period, repeated injuries became more frequent among males. Interpersonal violence among the Altai Mountains pastoralists involved mainly blows to the face, but in the Bulan-Koba males blows on the head were more random. Healed face injuries in women were likely associated with domestic violence.

В статье анализируются прижизненные травмы черепа, частота которых может характеризовать уровень межличностного насилия, направленного не на убийство, а на ранение противника. Исследованы краниологические материалы пазырыкской (V–III вв. до н.э.) и булан-кобинской (II в. до н.э. – V в. н.э.) культур, в общей сложности более 500 черепов взрослых индивидов. По меркам мирового масштаба общий уровень нелетального травматизма черепа у древних скотоводов Горного Алтая средний (у мужчин – 25,5 %, у женщин – 9,1 %), однако по этому показателю отмечаются существенные различия между южной и северной половиной пазырыкского ареала (у мужчин – 35,7 против 15,3 %, у женщин – 16,7 против 5,6 %), а также между ранним и поздним периодами булан-кобинской культуры (у мужчин – 32,7 против 22,1 %, у женщин – 10,0 против 6,3 %). Широкое распространение прижизненных травм черепа у «пазырыкцев» в высокогорных долинах Юго-Восточного и Южного Алтая могло быть результатом борьбы за ограниченные природные ресурсы в условиях сурового климата, у ранних «булан-кобинцев» скорее было связано с появлением мигрантов. В гунно-сарматское время по сравнению со скифским среди мужчин участились случаи «травматического рецидивизма». В межличностных конфликтах алтайских скотоводов главной мишенью при нанесении ударов было лицо противника, только в столкновениях «булан-кобинских» мужчин удары по голове были менее избирательными. Зажившие травмы лица у женщин являлись, по-видимому, результатом семейного насилия.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.