nscArchaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of EurasiaАрхеология, этнография и антропология Евразии1563-0110IAET SB RASnsc-91Research ArticlePALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGEПАЛЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ. КАМЕННЫЙ ВЕКZOOARCHAEOLOGY AND TAPHONOMY OF THE MIDDLE-UPPER PALEOLITHIC IN BONDI CAVE, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIAЗООАРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ТАФОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ДАННЫЕ О СРЕДНЕ- И ВЕРХНЕПАЛЕОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ КОМПЛЕКСАХ ПЕЩЕРЫ БОНДИ (РЕСПУБЛИКА ГРУЗИЯ)ЙешурунР.YeshurunR.

доктор наук, научный сотрудник

ryeshuru@research.haifa.ac.ilМонсельМ.-Э.MoncelM.-H.

доктор наук, старший научный сотрудник

moncel@mnhn.frПлёрдоД.PleurdeauD.

доктор наук, доцент

dpleurd@mnhn.frПинхасиР.PinhasiR.

доктор наук, доцент

ron.pinhasi@ucd.ieТушабрамишвилиН.TushabramishviliN.

доктор наук, директор

nikolozt@hotmail.comАгапишвилиТ.AgapishviliT.

ассистент куратора Коллекции каменного века

аспирант

 

atatella@yahoo.comЛордкипанидзеД.LordkipanidzeD.

доктор наук, профессор, генеральный директор

dlordkipanidze@museum.geНациональный музей естественной истории Смитсоновского института, США National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012, MRC 112, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA Институт археологии Цинмана при Университете Хайфы, Израиль Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa Haifa, 31905, IsraelИзраильZinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa Haifa, 31905, IsraelIsraelИнститут палеонтологии человека Национального музея естественной истории, Франция Institut de paléontologi humaine, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle 1 rue René Panhard, Paris, 75013, FranceФранцияInstitut de Paléontologie Humaine, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 rue René Panhard, Paris, 75013, FranceFranceУниверситетский колледж Дублина, Ирландия University College Dublin Belfi eld, Dublin 4, IrelandИрландияUniversity College Dublin, Bel eld, Dublin 4, IrelandIrelandГосударственный университет им. Ильи Чавчавадзе пр. К. Чолокашвили, 3/5, Тбилиси, 0162, ГрузияГрузияIlia State University, Cholokashvili 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, GeorgiaGeorgiaГрузинский национальный музей ул. Пурцеладзе, 3, Тбилиси, 0105, Грузия Государственный университет им. Ильи Чавчавадзе пр. К. Чолокашвили, 3/5, Тбилиси, 0162, ГрузияГрузияIlia State University, Cholokashvili 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia Georgian National Museum, Purtseladze 3, Tbilisi, 0105, GeorgiaGeorgiaГрузинский национальный музей ул. Пурцеладзе, 3, Тбилиси, 0105, ГрузияГрузияGeorgian National Museum, Purtseladze 3, Tbilisi, 0105, GeorgiaGeorgia201422032016593213Copyright © Yeshurun R., Moncel M., Pleurdeau D., Pinhasi R., Tushabramishvili N., Agapishvili T., Lordkipanidze D., 20162016Йешурун Р., Монсель М., Плёрдо Д., Пинхаси Р., Тушабрамишвили Н., Агапишвили Т., Лордкипанидзе Д.Yeshurun R., Moncel M., Pleurdeau D., Pinhasi R., Tushabramishvili N., Agapishvili T., Lordkipanidze D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/91

We present a detailed zooarchaeological and taphonomic study of Bondi Cave, western Georgia, containing Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic levels. The faunal assemblages are dominated by Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica) and European bison (Bison cf. bonasus). High proportions of specimens bearing cut marks and percussion marks indicate that human activity was the main depositional agent. Carcass transport was selective according to the animal’s size. Assemblage characteristics suggest short occupations of the cave by mobile Upper Paleolithic foragers. The general composition of the fauna probably re ects a more open setting for the Upper Paleolithic human occupations in this region, compared to the Holocene.

В статье представлены результаты детального зооархеологического и тафономического изучения материалов из пещеры Бонди в Западной Грузии. В ходе раскопок 2007–2010 гг. здесь выявлены средне- и верхнепалеолитические слои. В фаунистическом комплексе преобладают кавказский тур (Capra caucasica) и европейский бизон (Bison cf. bonasus). Высокая доля костей животных со следами нарезок и ударов означает, что их накопление в основном связано с человеческой деятельностью. Характеристики комплекса позволяют предположить, что периоды обитания в пещере мобильных верхнепалеолитических охотников-собирателей были кратковременными. Состав фаунистических остатков свидетельствует о более открытых, по сравнению с голоценом, ландшафтах вокруг пещеры в верхнем палеолите.

поздний плейстоценКавказохотапалеоэкологияLate PleistoceneCaucasushuntingpaleoecologyReferencesБар-Оз Г., Адлер Д.С., Мешвелиани Т., Тушабрамишвили Н., Белфер-Кохен А., Бар-Йозеф О. Охотники-собиратели Юго-Западного Кавказа в среднем и верхнем палеолите: новые фаунистические данные из Западной Грузии // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2002. – № 4. – С. 45–52.Бар-Оз Г., Адлер Д.С., Мешвелиани Т., Тушабрамишвили Н., Белфер-Кохен А., Бар-Йозеф О. Охотники-собиратели Юго-Западного Кавказа в среднем и верхнем палеолите: новые фаунистические данные из Западной Грузии // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2002. – № 4. – С. 45–52.Бар-Оз Г., Бельфер-Коэн А., Мешвелиани Т., Жакели Н., Мацкевич З., Бар-Йозеф О. Охота на медведя в мезолите на Южном Кавказе // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2009. – № 1. – С. 15–24.Бар-Оз Г., Бельфер-Коэн А., Мешвелиани Т., Жакели Н., Мацкевич З., Бар-Йозеф О. Охота на медведя в мезолите на Южном Кавказе // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2009. – № 1. – С. 15–24.Adler D.S., Bar-Oz G. Seasonal patterns of prey acquisition during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of the southern Caucasus // The Evolution of Hominid Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence / eds. J.J. Hublin, M.P. Richards. – Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. – P. 127–140.Adler D.S., Bar-Oz G. Seasonal patterns of prey acquisition during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of the southern Caucasus // The Evolution of Hominid Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence / eds. J.J. Hublin, M.P. Richards. – Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. – P. 127–140.Adler D.S., Bar-Oz G., Belfer-Cohen A., Bar-Yosef O. Ahead of the game: Middle and Upper Paleolithic hunting behaviors in the Southern Caucasus // Current Anthropology. – 2006. – Vol. 47. – P. 89–118.Adler D.S., Bar-Oz G., Belfer-Cohen A., Bar-Yosef O. Ahead of the game: Middle and Upper Paleolithic hunting behaviors in the Southern Caucasus // Current Anthropology. – 2006. – Vol. 47. – P. 89–118.Adler D.S., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Tushabramishvili N., Boaretto E., Mercier N., Valladas H., Rink W.J. Dating the demise: Neanderthal extinction and the establishment of modern humans in the southern Caucasus // J. of Human Evolution. – 2008. – Vol. 55. – P. 817–833. Bar-Oz G., Adler D.S. Taphonomic History of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Faunal Assemblage from Ortvale Klde, Georgian Republic // J. of Taphonomy. – 2005. – Vol. 3. – P. 185–211.Adler D.S., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Tushabramishvili N., Boaretto E., Mercier N., Valladas H., Rink W.J. Dating the demise: Neanderthal extinction and the establishment of modern humans in the southern Caucasus // J. of Human Evolution. – 2008. – Vol. 55. – P. 817–833. Bar-Oz G., Adler D.S. Taphonomic History of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Faunal Assemblage from Ortvale Klde, Georgian Republic // J. of Taphonomy. – 2005. – Vol. 3. – P. 185–211.Bar-Oz G., Belfer-Cohen A., Meshveliani T., Djakeli N.,Bar-Oz G., Belfer-Cohen A., Meshveliani T., Djakeli N.,Bar-Yosef O. Taphonomy and zooarchaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Dzudzuana, Republic of Georgia // Int. J. of Osteoarchaeology. – 2008. – Vol. 18. – P. 131–151. Bar-Oz G., Weissbrod L., Gasparian B., Nahapetyan S., Wilkinson K., Pinhasi R. Taphonomy and zooarchaeology of a high-altitude Upper Pleistocene faunal sequence from Hovk-1 Cave, Armenia // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2012. – Vol. 39. – P. 2452–2463.Bar-Yosef O. Taphonomy and zooarchaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Dzudzuana, Republic of Georgia // Int. J. of Osteoarchaeology. – 2008. – Vol. 18. – P. 131–151. Bar-Oz G., Weissbrod L., Gasparian B., Nahapetyan S., Wilkinson K., Pinhasi R. Taphonomy and zooarchaeology of a high-altitude Upper Pleistocene faunal sequence from Hovk-1 Cave, Armenia // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2012. – Vol. 39. – P. 2452–2463.Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Meshveliani T., Jakeli N., Bar-Oz G., Boaretto E., Goldberg P., Kvavadze E., Matskevich Z. Dzudzuana: an Upper Palaeolithic cave-site in the Caucasus Foothills (Georgia) // Antiquity. – 2011. – Vol. 85. – P. 331–349.Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Meshveliani T., Jakeli N., Bar-Oz G., Boaretto E., Goldberg P., Kvavadze E., Matskevich Z. Dzudzuana: an Upper Palaeolithic cave-site in the Caucasus Foothills (Georgia) // Antiquity. – 2011. – Vol. 85. – P. 331–349.Behrensmeyer A.K. Taphonomic and ecological information from bone weathering // Paleobiology. – 1978. – Vol. 4. – P. 150–162.Behrensmeyer A.K. Taphonomic and ecological information from bone weathering // Paleobiology. – 1978. – Vol. 4. – P. 150–162.Bunn H.T. Evidence on the diet and subsistence patterns of Plio-Pleistocene hominids at Koobi Fora, Kenya, and Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania // Animals and Archaeology / eds. J. Clutton-Brock, C. Grigson. – Oxford: BAR, 1983. – P. 21–30. – (BAR Int. Ser.; N 163).Bunn H.T. Evidence on the diet and subsistence patterns of Plio-Pleistocene hominids at Koobi Fora, Kenya, and Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania // Animals and Archaeology / eds. J. Clutton-Brock, C. Grigson. – Oxford: BAR, 1983. – P. 21–30. – (BAR Int. Ser.; N 163).Driesch A., von den. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites. – Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, 1976. – 137 p.Driesch A., von den. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites. – Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, 1976. – 137 p.Fisher J.W. Bone surface modifi cations in zooarchaeo-logy // J. of Archaeological Method and Theory. – 1995. – Vol. 2. – P. 7–68.Fisher J.W. Bone surface modifi cations in zooarchaeo-logy // J. of Archaeological Method and Theory. – 1995. – Vol. 2. – P. 7–68.Grant A. The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic animals // Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites / eds. B. Wilson, C. Griggson, S. Payne. – Oxford: BAR, 1982. – P. 91–108. – (BAR Int. Ser.; N 109).Grant A. The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic animals // Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites / eds. B. Wilson, C. Griggson, S. Payne. – Oxford: BAR, 1982. – P. 91–108. – (BAR Int. Ser.; N 109).Hoffecker J.F., Cleghorn N. Mousterian hunting patterns in the northwestern Caucasus and the ecology of the Neanderthals // Int. J. of Osteoarchaeology. – 2000. – Vol. 10. – P. 368–378.Hoffecker J.F., Cleghorn N. Mousterian hunting patterns in the northwestern Caucasus and the ecology of the Neanderthals // Int. J. of Osteoarchaeology. – 2000. – Vol. 10. – P. 368–378.Julien M.A., Bocherens H., Burke A., Drucker D.G., Patou-Mathis M., Krotova O., Péan S. Were European steppe bison migratory? 18O, 13C and Sr intra-tooth isotopic variations applied to a palaeoethological reconstruction // Quaternary Int. – 2012. – Vol. 271. – P. 106–119.Julien M.A., Bocherens H., Burke A., Drucker D.G., Patou-Mathis M., Krotova O., Péan S. Were European steppe bison migratory? 18O, 13C and Sr intra-tooth isotopic variations applied to a palaeoethological reconstruction // Quaternary Int. – 2012. – Vol. 271. – P. 106–119.Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Nomade S., Poupeau G., Guillou H., Tushabramishvili N., Moncel M.-H., Pleurdeau D., Agapishvili T., Voinchet P., Mgeladze A., Lordkipanidze D. Multiple origins of Bondi Cave and Ortvale Klde (NW Georgia) obsidians and human mobility in Transcaucasia during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2012. – Vol. 39. – P. 1317–1330.Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Nomade S., Poupeau G., Guillou H., Tushabramishvili N., Moncel M.-H., Pleurdeau D., Agapishvili T., Voinchet P., Mgeladze A., Lordkipanidze D. Multiple origins of Bondi Cave and Ortvale Klde (NW Georgia) obsidians and human mobility in Transcaucasia during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2012. – Vol. 39. – P. 1317–1330.Meshveliani T., Bar-Oz G., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Boaretto E., Jakeli N., Matskevich Z. Mesolithic hunters at Kotias Klde, Western Georgia: preliminary results // Paléorient. – 2007. – Vol. 33. – P. 47–58.Meshveliani T., Bar-Oz G., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Boaretto E., Jakeli N., Matskevich Z. Mesolithic hunters at Kotias Klde, Western Georgia: preliminary results // Paléorient. – 2007. – Vol. 33. – P. 47–58.Monahan C.M. The Hadza carcass transport debate revisited and its archaeological implications // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 1998. – Vol. 25. – P. 405–424.Monahan C.M. The Hadza carcass transport debate revisited and its archaeological implications // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 1998. – Vol. 25. – P. 405–424.Moncel M.-H., Pleurdeau D., Pinhasi P., Mgeladze A., Yeshurun R., Tushubramisvili N., Agapishvili T., Jennings R., Higham T., Lordkipanidze D. New insights into the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in Georgia // V.P. Liubin Festschrift (in press).Moncel M.-H., Pleurdeau D., Pinhasi P., Mgeladze A., Yeshurun R., Tushubramisvili N., Agapishvili T., Jennings R., Higham T., Lordkipanidze D. New insights into the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in Georgia // V.P. Liubin Festschrift (in press).Moncel M.-H., Pleurdeau D., Tushabramishvili N., Yeshurun R., Agapishvili T., Pinhasi R., Higham T.F.G. Preliminary results from the new excavations of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic levels at Ortvale Klde-north chamber (South Caucasus Georgia) // Quaternary Int. – 2013. – Vol. 316. – P. 3–13.Moncel M.-H., Pleurdeau D., Tushabramishvili N., Yeshurun R., Agapishvili T., Pinhasi R., Higham T.F.G. Preliminary results from the new excavations of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic levels at Ortvale Klde-north chamber (South Caucasus Georgia) // Quaternary Int. – 2013. – Vol. 316. – P. 3–13.Olsen S.J. Post-cranial skeletal characters of Bison and Bos. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. – 76 p. – (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; vol. XXXV, N 4).Olsen S.J. Post-cranial skeletal characters of Bison and Bos. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. – 76 p. – (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; vol. XXXV, N 4).Pales L., Garcia M.A. Atlas Ostéologique pour servir à l’identifi cation des Mammifères du Quaternaire. – P.: CNRS, 1981. – 176 p.Pales L., Garcia M.A. Atlas Ostéologique pour servir à l’identifi cation des Mammifères du Quaternaire. – P.: CNRS, 1981. – 176 p.Pinhasi R., Higham T.F., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B. Revised age of late Neanderthal occupation and the end of the Middle Paleolithic in the northern Caucasus // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – 2011. – Vol. 108. – P. 8611–8616.Pinhasi R., Higham T.F., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B. Revised age of late Neanderthal occupation and the end of the Middle Paleolithic in the northern Caucasus // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – 2011. – Vol. 108. – P. 8611–8616.Pinhasi R., Nioradze M., Tushabramishvili N., Lord-kipanidze D., Pleurdeau D., Moncel M.-H., Adler D.S., Stringer S., Higham T.F.G. New chronology for the Middle Palaeolithic of the southern Caucasus suggests early demise of Neanderthals in this region // J. of Human Evolution. – 2012. – Vol. 63. – P. 770–780.Pinhasi R., Nioradze M., Tushabramishvili N., Lord-kipanidze D., Pleurdeau D., Moncel M.-H., Adler D.S., Stringer S., Higham T.F.G. New chronology for the Middle Palaeolithic of the southern Caucasus suggests early demise of Neanderthals in this region // J. of Human Evolution. – 2012. – Vol. 63. – P. 770–780.Pleurdeau D., Tushabramishvili N., Nioradze M., Lumley H., de, Lordkipanidze D. Les industries lithiques du Pa-léolithique moyen de Géorgie // L’Anthropologie. – 2007. – Vol. 111. – P. 400–431.Pleurdeau D., Tushabramishvili N., Nioradze M., Lumley H., de, Lordkipanidze D. Les industries lithiques du Pa-léolithique moyen de Géorgie // L’Anthropologie. – 2007. – Vol. 111. – P. 400–431.Schmid E. Atlas of Animal Bones for Prehistorians, Archaeologists and Quarternary Geologists. – Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1972. – 159 p.Schmid E. Atlas of Animal Bones for Prehistorians, Archaeologists and Quarternary Geologists. – Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1972. – 159 p.Stiner M.C. The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations // J. of Anthropol. Archaeology. – 1990. – Vol. 9. – P. 305–351.Stiner M.C. The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations // J. of Anthropol. Archaeology. – 1990. – Vol. 9. – P. 305–351.Tushabramishvili N., Pleurdeau D., Moncel M.H., Agapishvili T., Vekua A., Bukhsianidze M., Maureille B., Muskhelishvili A., Mshvildadze M., Kapanadze N., Lord-kipanidze D. Human remains from a new Upper Pleistocene sequence in Bondi Cave (Western Georgia) // J. of Human Evolution. – 2012. – Vol. 62. – P. 179–185.Tushabramishvili N., Pleurdeau D., Moncel M.H., Agapishvili T., Vekua A., Bukhsianidze M., Maureille B., Muskhelishvili A., Mshvildadze M., Kapanadze N., Lord-kipanidze D. Human remains from a new Upper Pleistocene sequence in Bondi Cave (Western Georgia) // J. of Human Evolution. – 2012. – Vol. 62. – P. 179–185.Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D. The Pleistocene paleo-environment of the Transcaucasus // Quaternaire. – 1998. – Vol. 9. – P. 261–266.Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D. The Pleistocene paleo-environment of the Transcaucasus // Quaternaire. – 1998. – Vol. 9. – P. 261–266.Villa P., Mahieu E. Breakage patterns of human long bones // J. of Human Evolution. – 1991. – Vol. 21. – P. 27–48.Villa P., Mahieu E. Breakage patterns of human long bones // J. of Human Evolution. – 1991. – Vol. 21. – P. 27–48.Zeder M.A., Lapham H.A. Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify postcranial bones in sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2010. – Vol. 37. – P. 2887– 2905.Zeder M.A., Lapham H.A. Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify postcranial bones in sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2010. – Vol. 37. – P. 2887– 2905.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.