ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS AS A METHOD OF TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHEOZOOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Abstract
The article discusses the opportunities of carbon (ratio 13C/12C) and nitrogen (ratio 15N/14N) isotopic signature usage for taxonomic diagnostics of animal bone remains from archaeological sites and other ancient deposits. This work presents the world literature review, reveals the features of isotopic analysis in the context of vertebrate animal ecology and the methodological hardships at work with fossil material. The particular cases also show the successful usage of isotopic analysis for specimen identifi cation of archeozoological remains, especially bones of brown and polar bears, large marine mammals and a few specimens of anseriformes.
About the Authors
Ye. N. Gorlova
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Pr. Leninskiy, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
O. A. Krylovich
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Pr. Leninskiy, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
A. V. Tiunov
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Pr. Leninskiy, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
B. F. Khasanov
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Pr. Leninskiy, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
D. D. Vasyukov
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Pr. Leninskiy, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
A. B. Savinetskiy
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Pr. Leninskiy, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Антипина Е.Е. Методические проблемы изучения остатков животных из археологических памятников // Новейшие археозоологические исследования в России: к столетию со дня рождения В.И. Цалкина. – М.: Языки славян. культу-ры, 2003. – С. 7–33.
2. Арутюнов С.А., Сергеев Д.А. Проблемы этнической истории Берингоморья: (Эквенский могильник). – М.: На-ука, 1975. – 240 с.
3. Барышников Г.Ф. Медвежьи (Carnivora, Ursidae). – СПб.: Наука, 2007. – 541 с. – (Фауна России и сопредельных стран. Нов. сер., № 147; т. 1: Млекопитающие, вып. 5).
4. Бронштейн М.М., Днепровский К.А. Жилище морских зверобоев древней Чукотки // Памятники культуры. Новые открытия: письменность, искусство, археология. – М.: Наука, 2001. – С. 587–619.
5. Бронштейн М.М., Днепровский К.А. Эквен: история изучения (1961–2011) // Вехи на мысах: к 80-летию чл.-кор. РАН С.А. Арутюнова. – М.: Изд-во Гос. музея Востока, 2012. – С. 20–31.
6. Гептнер В.Г., Наумов Н.П., Юргенсон П.Б., Слудский А.А., Чиркова А.Ф., Банников А.Г. Отряд морских коров, или сирен. – М.: Высш. шк., 1967. – С. 15–46. – (Млекопитающие СССР; т. 2, ч. 1: Морские коровы и хищные).
7. Горлова Е.Н., Васюков Д.Д. Три вида ластоногих в добыче морских зверобоев северо-восточного побережья Чукотки // Зоол. журнал. – 2013. – Т. 92, вып. 9. – С. 1064– 1076.
8. Горлова Е.Н., Крылович О.А., Савинецкий А.Б., Хасанов Б.Ф. Экология кольчатой нерпы (Pusa hispida) Берингова пролива в позднем голоцене // Изв. РАН. Сер. биол. – 2012. – Вып. 5. – С. 546–553.
9. Громова В. Определитель млекопитающих СССР по костям скелета. – М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1950. – Вып. 1: Определитель по крупным трубчатым костям. – 240 с. – (Тр. Комис. по изуч. четвертич. периода; т. 9).
10. Громова В. Определитель млекопитающих СССР по костям скелета. – М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1960. – Вып. 2: Определитель по крупным костям заплюсны. – 117 с. – (Тр. Комис. по изуч. четвертич. периода; т. 16).
11. Диков Н.Н. Древние культуры Северо-Восточной Азии: Азия на стыке с Америкой в древности. – М.: Наука, 1979. – 352 с.
12. Динесман Л.Г. Изучение истории биогеоценозов по норам млекопитающих // Общие методы изучения истории современных экосистем. – М.: Наука, 1979. – С. 76–101.
13. Динесман Л.Г., Киселева Н.К., Савинецкий А.Б., Хасанов Б.Ф. Вековая динамика прибрежных экосистем северо-востока Чукотки. – М.: Аргус, 1996. – 189 с.
14. Динесман Л.Г., Савинецкий А.Б. Количественный учет костей в культурных слоях древних поселений людей // Новейшие археозоологические исследования в России: к столетию со дня рождения В.И. Цалкина. – М.: Языки славян. культуры, 2003. – С. 34–56.
15. Крупник И.И. Арктическая этноэкология. – М.: Наука, 1989. – 270 с.
16. Портенко Л.А. Птицы Чукотского полуострова и острова Врангеля. – Л.: Наука, 1972. – Ч. 1. – 424 с.
17. Ромер А., Парсонс Т. Анатомия позвоночных. – М.: Мир, 1992. – Т. 1. – С. 192–196.
18. Савинецкий А.Б. Вековая динамика численности морской коровы (Hydrodamalis gigas Zimm., 1780) в позднем голоцене // Докл. АН. – 1992. – Т. 326, № 4. – С. 570–572.
19. Туманов И.Л. Биологические особенности хищных млекопитающих России. – СПб.: Наука, 2003. – 448 с.
20. Файнберг Л.А. Охотники Американского Севера: Индейцы и эскимосы. – М.: Наука, 1991. – 184 с.
21. Ambrose S.H. Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 1990. – Vol. 17, N 4. – P. 431–151.
22. Bale R.J., Robertson I., Salzer M.W., Loader N.J., Leavitt S.W., Gagen M., Harlan T.P., McCarroll D. An annually resolved bristlecone pine carbon isotope chronology for the last millennium // Quaternary Research. – 2011. – Vol. 76, N 1. – P. 22–29. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.05.004 Balter V., Simon L., Fouillet H., Lécuyer C. Box-modeling of 15N/14N in mammals // Oecologia. – 2006. – Vol. 147. – P. 212–222.
23. Bocherens H., Billiou D., Patou-Mathis M., Bonjean D., Otte M., Mariotti A. Paleobiological implications of the isotopic signatures (13C, 15N) of fossil mammal collagen in Scladina Cave [Sclayn, Belgium] // Quaternary Research. – 1997. – Vol. 48, N 3. – P. 370–380. – URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.1006/qres.1997.1927
24. Bocherens H., Drucker D. Trophic level isotopic enrichment of carbon and nitrogen in bone collagen: case studies from recent and ancient terrestrial ecosystems // International J. of Osteoarchaeol. – 2003. – Vol. 13, N 1/2. – P. 46–53.
25. Bond A.L., Hobson K.A. Reporting stable-isotope ratios in ecology: recommended terminology, guidelines and best practices // Waterbirds. – 2012 – Vol. 35, N 2. – P. 324–331. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.035.0213
26. Bump J.K., Fox-Dobbs K., Bada J.L., Koch P.L., Peterson R.O., Vucetich J.A. Stable isotopes, ecological integration and environmental change: wolves record atmospheric carbon isotope trend better than tree rings // Proceedings of the Royal Society Biol. Sci. Ser. B. – 2007. – Vol. 274, N 1624. – P. 2471–2480. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/ rspb.2007.0700
27. Chamberlain C.P., Waldbauer J.R., Fox-Dobbs K., Newsome S.D., Koch P.L., Smith D.R., Church M.E., Chamberlain S.D., Sorenson K.J., Risebrough R. Pleistocene to recent dietary shifts in California condors // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2005. – Vol. 102, N 46. – P. 16707–16711. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508529102
28. Corbett D.G., Causey D., Clementz M., Koch P.L., Doroff A., Lefevre C., West D. Aleut Hunters, Sea Otters, and Sea Cows: Three Thousand Years of Interactions in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska // Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems: A Global Perspective / eds. C.R. Torben, J.M. Erlandson. – Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2008. – P. 43–76.
29. Craig H. The geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1953. – Vol. 3. – P. 53–92.
30. Dehn L.-A. Trophic relationships in an Arctic marine food web and implications for trace element dynamics: PhD. – Fairbanks, 2005. – 290 p.
31. DeNiro M.J. Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction // Nature. – 1985. – Vol. 317, N 31. – P. 806– 809.
32. DeNiro M.J., Epstein S. Infl uence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1978. – Vol. 42, N 5. – P. 495–506.
33. DeNiro M.J., Epstein S. Infl uence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1981. – Vol. 45. N 3 – P. 341–351.
34. Dienes P. The isotopic composition of reduce organic carbon // Handbook of Enviromental isotope Geochemistry / eds. P. Fritz, J.C. Fontes. – Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980. – P. 329–406.
35. Ehleringer J.R., Rundel P.W. Stable isotopes: history, units, and instrumentation // Stable isotopes in ecological research / eds. P.W. Rundel, J.R. Ehleringer, K.A. Nagy. – N. Y.: Springer Verlag New York Inc. – 1989. – P. 1–15. – (Ecological studies; vol. 68).
36. Eichholz M.W., Sedinger J.S. Staging, migration, and winter distribution of Canada and cackling geese staging in interior Alaska // The J. of Wildlife Management. – 2006. – Vol. 70, N 5. – P. 1308–1315. – URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1308:SMAWDO]2.0.CO;2
37. Feng X.H. Trends in intrinsic water-use effi ciency of natural trees for the past 100 – 200 years: a response to atmospheric CO2 concentration // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1999. – Vol. 63. – P. 1891–1903. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0016-7037(99)00088-5
38. Fogel M.L., Tuross N., Johnson B.J., Miller G.H. Biogeochemical record of ancient humans // Organic Geochemistry. – 1997. – Vol. 27. – P. 275–287.
39. France R.L. Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: foodweb implications // Marine Ecol. Progress Ser. – 1995. – Vol. 124. – P. 307–312.
40. Francey R.J., Allison C.E., Etheridge D.M., Trudinger C.M., Enting I.G., Leuenberger M., Langenfelds R.L., Michel E., Steele L.P. A 1000-year high precision record of δ13C in atmospheric CO2 // Tellus. – 1999. – Vol. 51. – P. 170–193. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00005.x Fratzl P. Collagen Diversity, Synthesis and Assembly // Collagen: Structure and Mechanics / ed. by P. Fratzl. – N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2008. – P. 1–15.
41. Gilbert M. Mammalian Osteology. – Woodson Way: Missouri Archaeol. Soc., Inc. Press., 1993. – 428 p.
42. Gilbert B.M., Martin L.D., Savage H.G. Avian Osteology. – Laramie: Modern Printing Co, 1985. – 253 p.
43. Goericke R., Fry B. Variations of marine plankton δ13C with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean //
44. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. – 1994. – Vol. 8. – P. 85–90.
45. Heaton T.H.E. Spatial, species, and temporal variations in the 13C/12C ratios of C3 plants: implications for palaeodiet studies // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 1999. – Vol. 26, N 6. – P. 637– 649. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0381.
46. Hedges R.E.M., Stevens R.E., Koch P.L. Isotopes in bones and teeth // Isotopes in palaeoenvironmental research / ed. M.J. Leng. – Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. – Vol. 10. – P. 117–146.
47. Hedges R.E.M., Stevens R.E., Richards M.P. Bone as a stable isotope archive for local climatic information //
48. Quaternary Sci. Rev. – 2004. – Vol. 23, N 7/8. – P. 959–965. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.022
49. Hesslein R.H., Hallard K.A., Ramlal P. Replacement of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen, in tissue of growing broad whitefi sh (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by δ34S, δ13C, and δ15N // Canad. J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci. – 1993. – Vol. 50, N 10. – P. 2071–2076. – URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.1139/f93-23013C and δ15N in North Pacifi c pinnipeds: inferences regarding environmental change and diet // Oecologia. – 2001. – Vol. 129, N 4. – P. 591–601. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s004420100756
50. Hobson K.A. Trophic relationships among high Arctic seabirds: insights from tissue-dependent stable-isotope models // Marine Ecol. Progress Ser. – 1993. – Vol. 95. – P. 7–18.
51. Hobson K.A., Clarck R.G. Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes I: turnover of 13C in tissues // The Condor. – 1992. – Vol. 94, N 1. – P. 181–188. – URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/1368807
52. Hobson K.A., Sease J.L. Stable isotope analyses of tooth annuli reveal temporal dietary records: an example using steller sea lions // Marine Mammal Sci. – 1998. – Vol. 14, N 1. – P. 116–129. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998. tb00694.x
53. Hobson K.A., Welch H.E. Determination of trophic relationships within a high Arctic marine food web using δ13C and δ15N analysis // Marine Ecol. Progress Ser. – 1992. – Vol. 84. – P. 9–18. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps084009
54. Hupp J.W., Schmutz J.A., Ely C.R. The annual migration cycle of emperor geese in Western Alaska // Arctic. – 2008. – Vol. 61, N 1. – P. 23–34. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/ arctic4
55. Idermühle A., Stocker T.F., Joos F., Fischer H., Smith H.J., Wahlen M., Deck B., Mastroianni D., Tschu-mi J., Blunier T., Meyer R., Stauffer B. Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica // Nature. – 1999. – Vol. 398. – P. 121–126. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/18158
56. IPCC 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientifi c Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / eds. J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. Linden, van der, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson. – N.Y.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001. – 881 p.
57. Jørkov M.L., Heinemeier J., Lynnerup N. Evaluating bone collagen extraction methods for stable isotope analysis in dietary studies // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2007. – Vol. 34. – P. 1824– 1829. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.12.020
58. Keeley J.E., Sandquist D.R. Carbon: freshwater plants // Plant, Cell & Environment. – 1992. – Vol. 15. – P. 1021– 1035. – URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992. tb01653.x
59. Keeling C.D., Moor W.G., Tans P.P. Recent trends in the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide // Nature. – 1979. – Vol. 277. – P. 121–123.
60. Kelly J.F. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology // Canad. J. of Zoology. – 2000. – Vol. 78, N 1. – P. 1–27. – URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.1139/z99-165
61. Koch P.L. Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates // Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science / eds. R.H. Michener, K. Lajtha. – Malden; Oxford; Carlton: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. – P. 99–154.
62. Longin K. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating // Nature. – 1971. – Vol. 230. – P. 241– 242.
63. Marshall J.D., Brooks J.R., Lajtha K. Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants // Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science / eds. R.H. Michener, K. Lajtha. – Malden; Oxford; Carlton: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. – P. 22–60.
64. Martínez del Rio C., Wolf N., Carleton S.A., Gannes L.Z. Isotopic ecology ten years after a call for more laboratory experiments. // Biol. Rev. – 2009. – Vol. 84, N 1. – P. 91–111. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00064.x
65. McRoy C.P., Gradinger R., Springer A.M., Bluhm B., Iverson S.J., Budge S. Stable isotopes reveal food web shifts due to arctic sea ice decline // Eos Trans. AGU. – 2004. – Vol. 85, N 17. – abstract #B34A-05. – URL: http://abstractsearch. agu.org/meetings/2004/SM/sections/B/sessions/B34A/abstracts/ B34A-05.html
66. Minagawa M., Wada E. Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: Further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1984. – Vol. 48. – P. 1135–1140. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90204-7
67. Misarti N., Finney B., Maschner H., Wooller M.J. Changes in northeast Pacifi c marine ecosystems over the last 4500 years: evidence from stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from archeological middens // The Holocene. – 2009. – Vol. 19. – P. 1139–1151. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1 177/0959683609345075
68. Mizutani H., Kabaya Y., Wada E. Nitrogen and carbon isotope compositions relate linearly in cormorant tissues and its diet // Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. – 1991. – Vol. 27, N 4. – P. 166–168. – URL: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256019108622500
69. Nagai T., Suzuki N. Preparation and characterization of several fi sh bone collagens // J. of Food Biochemistry. – 2000. – Vol. 24. – P. 427–436. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2000.tb00711.x
70. Newsome S.D., Clementz M.T., Koch P.L. Using stable isotope biogeochemistry to study marine mammal ecology // Marine Mammal Sci. – 2010. – Vol. 26, N 3. – P. 509–572. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00354.x
71. Newsome S.D., Etnier M.A., Kurle C.M., Waldbauer J.R., Chamberlain C.P., Koch P.L. Historic decline in primary productivity in western Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea: isotopic analysis of northern fur seal teeth // Marine Ecol. Progress Ser. – 2007. – Vol. 332. – P. 211–224. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps332211
72. Newsome S.D., Etnier M.A., Monson D.H., Fogel M.L. Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ115N analysis of teeth // Marine Ecol. Progress Ser. – 2009. – Vol. 374. – P. 229–242. – URL: http:// dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07747
73. Newsome S.D., Koch P.L., Etnier M.A., Aurioles-Gamboa D. Using carbon and nitrogen isotope values to investigate maternal strategies in northeast Pacifi c otariids // Marine Mammal Sci. – 2006. – Vol. 22, N 3. – P. 556–572. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00043.x
74. O’Leary M.H. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis // Bioscience. – 1988. – Vol. 38. – P. 328–336.
75. Park R., Epstein S. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1960. – Vol. 21. – P. 110–126.
76. Pearson S.F., Levey D.J., Greenberg C.H., Martínez del Rio C.M. Effects of elemental composition on the incorporation of dietary nitrogen and carbon isotopic signatures in an omnivorous songbird // Oecologia. – 2003. – Vol. 135, N 4. – P. 516–523. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1221-8
77. Petersen M.R. Observations of emperor geese feeding at Nelson Lagoon, Alaska // Condor. – 1983. – Vol. 85. – P. 367– 368.
78. Peterson B.J., Fry B. Stable Isotopes in Ecosystem Studies // Annual Rev. of Ecolog. Systems. – 1987. – Vol. 18. – P. 293– 320.
79. Post D.M. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions // Ecology. – 2002. – Vol. 83, N 3. – P. 703–718. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:USITET]2.0.CO;2
80. Rau G.H., Mearns A.J., Young D.R., Olson R.J., Schafer H.A., Kaplan I.R. Animal 13C/12C correlates with trophic level in pelagic food webs // Ecology. – 1983. – Vol. 64. – P. 1314–1318.
81. Reitz E.J. Archaeozoology // Encyclopedia of Archaeology / ed. D.M. Pearsall. – San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2008. – P. 501–508.
82. Reitz E.J., Wing E.S. Zooarchaeology. – N.Y.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008. – 533 p.
83. Robbins C.T., Felicetti L.A., Sponheimer M. The effects dietary protein quality on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds // Oecologia. – 2005. – Vol. 144. – P. 534– 540. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/0.1007/s00442-005-0021-8
84. Schell D.M., Barnett B.A., Vinette K.A. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in zooplankton of the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort seas // Marine Ecol. Progress Ser. – 1998. – Vol. 162. – P. 11–23. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps162011 Schoeninger M.J., DeNiro M.J. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1984. – Vol. 48. – P. 625–639.
85. Sigman D.M., Kash K.L. Casciotti K.L. Ocean process tracers: nitrogen isotopes in the ocean // Encyclopedia of Ocean Science / eds. J.H. Steele, K.K. Turekian, S.A. Thorpe. – Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009. – P. 4138–4153.
86. Stevens R.E., Jacobi R., Street M., Germonpre M., Conard N.J., Munzel S.C., Hedges R.E.M. Nitrogen isotope analyses of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), 45,000 BP to 9,000 BP: Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. – 2008. – Vol. 262, N 1/2. – P. 32–45. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.019
87. Sulzman E.W. Stable isotope chemistry and measurement: a primer // Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science / eds. R.H. Michener, K. Lajtha. – Malden; Oxford; Carlton: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. – P. 1–21.
88. Szpak P., Orchard T.J., McKechnie I., Gröcke D.R. Historical ecology of late Holocene sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from northern British Columbia: isotopic and zooarchaeological perspectives // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2012. – Vol. 39, N 5. – P. 1553– 1571. – URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.006
89. Tieszen L.L., Boutton T.W., Tesdahl K.G., Slade N.A. Fractionation and turnover of stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues: Implications for δ13C analysis of diet // Oecologia. – 1983. – Vol. 57. – P. 32–37.
90. To the Chukchi peninsula and to the Tlingit Indians 1881/1982: journals and letters by Aurel and Arthur Krause / ed. by M.W. Falk. – Fairbanks: Univ. of Alaska Press, 1993. – 230 p. – (The Rasmuson Library Historical Translation Ser.; vol. III).
91. Wada E., Teragaki M., Kobaya Y., Nemoto T. 15N and 13C abundances in the Arctic Ocean with emphasis on the biogeochemical structure of the food web // Deep-Sea Researches. – 1987. – Vol. 34. – P. 829–841.
92. Whitmore F.C., Jr., Gard L.M., Jr. Steller’s Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) of Late Pleistocene Age from Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska // Geol. Survey Professional Paper. – 1977. – Vol. 1036. – P. 1–19.
93. Yakir D. The paper trail of the 13C of atmospheric CO2 since the industrial revolution period // Environmental Research Letters. – 2011. – Vol. 6, N 3. – Lett. 034007. – URL: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034007
For citation:
Gorlova Y.N., Krylovich O.A., Tiunov A.V., Khasanov B.F., Vasyukov D.D., Savinetskiy A.B. ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS AS A METHOD OF TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHEOZOOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2015;43(1):110-121. (In Russ.)
Views: 214
Email this article 