Agricultural Practice on the Korean Peninsula Taking into Account the Origin of Rice Agriculture in Asia
https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.1.036-048
Abstract
Based on Carl Sauer’s hypothesis that agricultural activity may have occurred fi rst with the domestication of tropical plants, rice was long thought to have originated in Southeast Asia, where the climate is very warm and humid, with plenty of rainfall. After many new archaeological sites with evidence of older cultivated rice were discovered throughout the 1980s and 1990s in China, agricultural scientists now generally consider the middle Yangtze River and Yunnan regions, which are farther north than Southeast Asia, as the cradle of the earliest rice cultivation. The dates and geographic locations of historic rice cultivation have been challenged even further after carbonized rice hulls were excavated from the Sorori Village in central South Korea. This paper introduces theoretical arguments related to the transition period from foraging to farming systems in Korean archaeology and regarding the origins of rice, which is currently the most important crop for Northeast Asian peoples. A brief survey of research results, the ecological conditions of Northeast Asia, the biological uniqueness of rice, and archaeological evidence for rice cultivation from the Sorori site in Korea suggests that while we do not have any strong reason to believe that there is only one center of agricultural and domestication processes, and multiple origins for domesticated rice are still conceivable, temporal and spatial frames for the early history of rice cultivation need to be expanded.
About the Author
Lee Jaehoon
University of Houston-Clear Lake
United States
Campus Box 24, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX 77058 USA
United States
Campus Box 24, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX 77058 USA
References
1. Ан Сынмо. Состав злаков бронзового века Корейского полуострова: по остаткам зерен // Хонам когохакпо. – 2008. – № 28. – С. 5–50 (на кор. яз.).
2. Квон Гёнхун. Отпечатки зерен злаков возрастом 7 тыс. лет, обнаруженные в Пусане // Чосон ильбо. – 2011. – 24 сент. (на кор. яз.).
3. Ким Волльён. Культура гребенчатой керамики в бассейне реки Амноккан // Пэксан хакпо. – 1967. – № 3. – С. 99–108 (на кор. яз.).
4. Ким Джонхак. История формирования корейского народа // Хангук мунхваса дэге (Введение в историю корейской культуры). – Сеул: Изд-во Ин-та этногр. Ун-та Корё, 1964. – Т. 1. – С. 317–430 (на кор. яз.).
5. Ким Мингу. Появление ранних форм разведения риса в бассейне р. Йонсанган // Хангук когохакпо. – 2010. – № 75. – С. 46–71 (на кор. яз.).
6. Ли Джунджон. Обзор теорий по проблемам перехода от присваивающего хозяйства к производящему // Йоннам когохак. – 2001. – № 28. – С. 1–33 (на кор. яз.).
7. Ли Юнджо, У Джонъюн. Второй сезон археологических исследований торфяных отложений, содержащих зерна риса, на местонахождении Сорори в уезде Чхонвон // Чхунбук тэхаккё панмульгван ёнбо (Сборник трудов Музея Ун-та Чхунбук). – Чхонджу: Музей Ун-та Чхунбук, 2001. – С. 87–106 (на кор. яз.).
8. Сато Йо-Ичиро. ДНА-га катару инасаку бунънаэй киигэнто тэнкай (Изучение культуры возделывания риса на основе ДНК-анализов). – Токио: NHK-сюппан, 1996. – 227 с. (на яп. яз.).
9. Сон Боги, Син Сугджон, Чан Хосу. Археологические иследования в Ильсане, уч. 1 // Ильсан сэдоси кэбаль чиёк хаксуль чоса пого I (Научные исследования в районе строительства Нового Ильсана). – Кёнгидо: Ин-т древней культуры, 1992. – С. 207–209 (на кор. яз.).
10. Сон Джунхо, Даисукэ Накамура, Арата Момохара. Анализ отпечатков на керамике бронзового века с использованием метода моделирования // Явэ когохак. – 2010. – № 8. – С. 5–34 (на кор. яз.).
11. Сон Ынсук. Появление земледелия на юге Кореи и трансформация хозяйственной системы эпохи неолита // Хонам когохакпо. – 2001. – № 14. – С. 95–118 (на кор. яз.).
12. Пэ Гидон. Исследование древних каменных индустрий Кореи: проблема эволюции обработки камня // Хангук 4-ги хакхве. – 1997. – Т. 11, № 1. – С. 1–25 (на кор. яз.).
13. Хан Чхангю, Ким Гынван, Чон Ирён, Ку Джаджин, Хо Мунхве, Ким Джонхи. Некоторые итоги археологических раскопок поселения эпохи неолита Тэчхонни в уезде Окчхон // Хангук синсокки ёнгу. – 2002. – № 3. – С. 55–77 (на кор. яз.).
14. Чхве Джонпхиль. Критический обзор проблемы происхождения корейцев по антропологическим материалам // Хангук сангоса хакпо. – 1991. – № 8. – С. 7–43 (на кор. яз.).
15. Че 1-хве кугдже хаксуль хвеый: Асиа сонса нонгён-гва Сорори пёпсси (Древнее земледелие в Азии и зерна риса из Сорори: мат-лы 1-го междунар. симп.). – Чхонджу: Музей Ун-та Чхунбук, 2003. – С. 59–71 (на кор. яз.).
16. Чхонвон Сорори кусокки юджок (Памятник эпохи палеолита Сорори в уезде Чхонвон) / ред. Ли Юнджо, У Джонъюн. – Сеул: Хагъён мунхваса, 2000. – 613 с. (на кор. яз.).
17. Ahn S.-M. The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: Archaeobotanical perspectives // Archaeol. and Anthropol. Sci. – 2010. – Vol. 2, N 2. – P. 89–98.
18. Aikens C.M., Rhee S.-N. The emergence of hunter-fi shergatherers, farmers, and sociopolitical elites in the Prehistory of Pacifi c Northeast Asia // Pacifi c Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites / eds. C.M. Aikens, N.- S. Rhee. – Pullman: Wash. State Univ. Press, 1992. – P. 3–9.
19. Arnold J.E. The archaeology of complex hunter-gatherers // J. of Archaeol. Method and Theory. – 1996. – Vol. 3, N 2. – P. 77–126.
20. Bae K.-D. Pleistocene environment and Paleolithic stone industries of the Korean Peninsula // Pacifi c Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites / eds. C.M. Aikens, S.-N. Rhee. – Pullman: Wash. State Univ. Press, 1992. – P. 13–21.
21. Bailey R.C., Head G., Jenike M., Owen B., Rechtman R., Zechenter E. Hunting and gathering in tropical rain forest; is it possible? // Am. Anthropologist. – 1989. – Vol. 91. – P. 59–82.
22. Bale M.T. Archaeology of early agriculture in Korea: An update on recent developments // Bull. of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Assoc. – 2001. – Vol. 21, N 5. – P. 77–84.
23. Barnes G.L. China, Korea and Japan: The Rise of Civilization in East Asia. – L.: Thames and Hudson, 1993. – 288 p.
24. Bellwood P. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago (Revised Edition). – Honolulu: Hawaii Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1997. – 384 p.
25. Bellwood P. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. – Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. – 384 p.
26. Bender B. Farming in Prehistory: From Hunter-Gatherer to Food-Producer. – N. Y.: St. Martin’s Press, 1975. – 288 p.
27. Braidwood R.J. The agricultural revolution // Scient. Am. – 1960. – Vol. 203, N 3. – P. 130–148.
28. Chang K.-C. The Archaeology of Ancient China. – New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1986. – 483 p.
29. Chang T.-T. The origin, evolution, cultivation, dissemination, and diversifi cation of the Asian and African rices // Euphytica. – 1976. – Vol. 25. – P. 425–441.
30. Choe C.-P. The diffusion route and chronology of Korean plant domestication // J. of Asian Studies. – 1982. – Vol. 41, N 3. – P. 519–529.
31. Choe C.-P., Bale M.T. Current perspectives on settlement, subsistence, and cultivation in Prehistoric Korea // Arctic Anthropol. – 2002. – Vol. 39. – P. 95–121.
32. Chon Y.-N. Introduction of rice agriculture into Korea and Japan: From the perspective of polished stone implements // Pacifi c Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites / eds. C.M. Aikens, N.-S. Rhee. – Pullman: Wash. State Univ. Press, 1992. – P. 161–169.
33. Cohen D.J. New perspectives on the transition to agriculture in China // The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture / ed. Y. Yasuda. – New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 2002. – P. 217–227.
34. Courses Towards Urban Life / eds. R.J. Braidwood, G.R. Willey. – Chicago: Viking Fund Publ. in Anthropol., 1962. – 32 p.
35. Crawford G.W. East Asian plant domestication // Archaeology of Asia / ed. M.T. Stark. – Oxford: Blackwell Publ., 2005. – P. 77–95.
36. Crawford G.W. The Jomon in early agriculture discourse: Issues arising from Matsui, Kanehara, and Pearson // World Archaeol. – 2008. – Vol. 40. – P. 445–465.
37. Crawford G.W., Chen S. The origins of rice agriculture: Recent progress in East Asia // Antiquity. – 1998. – Vol. 72, iss. 278. – P. 858–866.
38. Crawford G.W., Lee G.-A. Agricultural origins in the Korean Peninsula // Antiquity. – 2003. – Vol. 77, iss. 295. – P. 87–95.
39. D’Andrea C., Crawford G.W., Yoshizaki M., Kudo T. Late Jomon cultigens in northeastern Japan // Antiquity. – 1995. – Vol. 69, iss. 262. – P. 146–152.
40. East Asia’s oldest farmland discovered in Korea // Hankyoreh News. – 2012. – N 27. – June. – URL: http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_entertainment/539789.html
41. Endicott K.M., Bellwood P.S. The possibility of independent foraging in the rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia // Human Ecol. – 1991. – Vol. 19. – P. 151–185.
42. Fuller D.Q., Qin L., Harvey E. Evidence for a late onset of agriculture in the Lower Yangzi region and challenges for an archaeobotany of rice // Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics / eds. A. Sanchez-Mazas, R. Blench, M.D. Ross, I. Peiros, M. Lin. – L.: Routledge, 2008. – P. 40–83.
43. Fuller D.Q, Sato Y.-I., Castillo C., Qin L., Weisskopf A.R., Kingwell-Banham E.J., Song J., Ahn S.-M., Etten J.V. Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice // Archaeol. and Anthropol. Sci. – 2010. – Vol. 2, N 2. – P. 115–131.
44. Glover I.C., Higham C.F.W. New evidence for early rice cultivation in South, Southeast and East Asia // The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia / ed. D.R. Harris. – L.: UCL Press, 1996. – P. 413–441.
45. Higham C. Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. – Chicago: Art Media Resources, 2002. – 375 p.
46. Huke R.E. Geography and climate of rice // Proceedings of the Symposium on Climate and Rice. – Los Banos: The Intern. Rice Res. Inst., 1976. – P. 31–50.
47. Hutterer K. The natural and cultural history of Southeast Asian agriculture: Ecological and evolutionary considerations // Anthropos. – 1983. – Vol. 78. – P. 169–212.
48. Hutterer K. The prehistory of the Southeast Asian rainforests // People of the Tropical Rainforest / eds. J.S. Denslow, C. Padoch. – Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1988. – P. 63–72.
49. Imamura K. Prehistoric Japan – New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. – Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1996. – 320 p.
50. Kelly R.L. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. – Wash. D.C.: Smithson. Inst. Press, 1995. – 446 p.
51. Kim J.-B. Bronze artifacts in Korea and their culturalhistorical signifi cance // The Traditional Culture and Society of Korea: Prehistory / ed. R.J. Pearson. – Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii, 1975. – P. 130–191.
52. Kim J.-Y., Lee Y.-J., Yang D.-Y., Kim J.-C., Bong P.-Y., Park J.-H. Quaternary geology and vegetation environment of Sorori Palaeolithic site – in comparison to Jangheungri site in Jinju Sorori Paleolithic site // Prehistoric Cultivation in Asia and Sorori Rice: The 1st Intern. Symp. / eds. Y.-J. Lee, J.-Y. Woo. – Cheongjoo, 2003. – P. 47–57.
53. Kim K.-J., Lee Y.-J., Woo J.-Y., Jull A.J. T. Radiocarbon ages of Sorori ancient rice of Korea // Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. – 2013. – Vol. 294. – P. 675–679.
54. Kim W.-Y. Discoveries of rice in Prehistoric sites in Korea // J. of Asian Studies. – 1982. – Vol. 41, N 3. – P. 513–518.
55. Kong S.-J., Lee Y.-J. L’industrie lithique du Paléolithique dans la région de Jungwon en Corée // Paleoenvironnement Et Culture Paléolithique De La Region Jungwon, Corée (2004 Korean – French Paleolithic Workshop) / eds. Y.-J. Lee, T.-S. Cho. – Cheongjoo: Inst. for Jungwon Culture Chungbuk Nat. Univ., 2004. – P. 101–114.
56. Lee G.-A. The transition from foraging to farming in Prehistoric Korea // Current Anthropol. – 2011. – Vol. 52, N S4. – P. S307–S329.
57. Lee J.-J. From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition: Ph.D. Dissertation. – Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 2001. – 398 p.
58. Lee Y.-J., Woo J.-Y. The Oldest Sorori Rice 15,000 BP: Its fi ndings and signifi cance // Prehistoric Cultivation in Asia and Sorori Rice: The 1st Intern. Symp. / eds. Y.-J. Lee, J.-Y. Woo. – Cheongjoo, 2003. – P. 33–46.
59. Lee Y.-J., Woo J.-Y. The Paleolithic Culture in the Jungwon Region, Korea // Paleoenvironnement Et Culture Paléolithique De La Region Jungwon, Corée (2004 Korean – French Paleolithic Workshop) / eds. Y.-J. Lee, T.-S. Cho. – Cheongjoo: Inst. for Jungwon Culture Chungbuk Nat. Univ., 2004. – P. 45–58.
60. Lindstrom K., Uchiyama J. Inland sea as a unit for environmental history: East Asia inland seas from Prehistory to future // J. of Environmental Biol. – 2012. – Vol. 33, N 2. – P. 283– 288.
61. Liu J. Some observations on the archaeological site of Hemudu, Zhejiang Province, China // Bull. of the Indo-Pacifi c Prehistory Assoc. – 1985. – Vol. 6. – P. 40–45.
62. Maloney B.K. The long-term history of human activity and rainforest development // Human Activities and the Tropical Rainforest: Past, Present and Possible Future / ed. B.K. Maloney. – Boston: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1998. – P. 65–85.
63. Nelson S.M. The origins of rice agriculture in Korea // J. of Ancient Studies. – 1982a. – Vol. 61, N 3. – P. 511–548.
64. Nelson S.M. The effects of rice agriculture on Prehistoric Korea // J. of Asian Studies. – 1982b. – Vol. 41, N 3. – P. 531–543.
65. Nelson S.M. The question of agricultural impact on sociopolitical development in Prehistoric Korea // Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites / eds. C.M. Aikens, S.-N. Rhee. – Pullman: Wash. State Univ. Press, 1992. – P. 157–160.
66. Nelson S.M. Megalithic monuments and the introduction of rice into Korea // The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change / eds. C. Gosden, J. Hather. – L.: Routledge, 1999. – P. 147–165.
67. Norton C.J. Storage and Its Implications for the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea: Konam- ri: Master’s Thesis. –Tucson: Univ. of Arizona, 1996. – 158 p.
68. Norton C.J. Sedentism, territorial circumscription and the increased use of plant domesticates across Neolithic-Bronze Age Korea // Asian Perspectives. – 2007. – Vol. 46, N 1. – P. 133–165.
69. Oka H. Genetic diversity of wild and cultivated rice // Rice Biotechnology / eds. G.S. Khush, G.H. Toenniessen. – Oxon: C.A.B. Intern., 1991. – P. 55–81.
70. Park W.-K., Kim Y.-J., Lee Y.-J. Reconstruction of vegetation and paleoclimate from the charcoals excavated at the Late Paleolithic sites in Jungwon Region of Korea // Paleoenvironnement Et Culture Paléolithique De La Region Jungwon, Corée (2004 Korean – French Paleolithic Workshop) / eds. Y.-J. Lee, T.-S. Cho. – Cheongjoo: Inst. for Jungwon Culture Chungbuk Nat. Univ., 2004. – P. 79–85.
71. Pavao-Zuckerman M.A. The conceptual utility of models in human ecology // J. of Ecological Anthropol. – 2000. – Vol. 4. – P. 31–56.
72. Sato Y. Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin // The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture / eds. Y. Yasuda. – New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 2002. – P. 143–150.
73. Sauer C.O. Early relations of man to plants // Geogr. Rev. – 1947. – Vol. 37, N 1. – P. 1–25.
74. Sauer C.O. Agricultural Origins and Dispersals. – N. Y.: Am. Geogr. Soc. Press, 1952. – 132 p.
75. Seong C.-T. Microblade technology in Korea and adjacent Northeast Asia // Asian Perspectives. – 1998. – Vol. 37, N 2. – P. 245–278.
76. Seong C.-T. Tanged points, microblades and Late Palaeolithic hunting in Korea // Antiquity. – 2008. – Vol. 8, iss. 318. – P. 871–883.
77. Seong C.-T. Emergence of a blade industry and evolution of Late Paleolithic technology in the Republic of Korea // J. of Anthropological Res. – 2009. – Vol. 65. – P. 417–451.
78. Smith B.D. The Emergence of Agriculture. – N. Y.: Scient. Am. Library, 1995. – 256 p.
79. Takamiya H. Introductory routes of rice to Japan: An examination of the southern route hypothesis // Asian Perspective. – 2001. – Vol. 40, N 2. – P. 209–226.
80. Tang S. Origin of rice and its domestication and expansion // International Year of Rice 2004 International Symposium, entitled “Rediscovering of Rice: History, Culture, and Economy”, May 28, Seoul, Korea. – [S. l.], 2004. – P. 16–28.
81. Toyama S. The origin and spread of rice cultivation as seen from rice remains // The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture / ed. Y. Yasuda. – New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 2002. – P. 263– 272.
82. Vergara B.S. Physiological and morphological adaptability of rice varieties to climate // Proceedings of the Symposium on Climate and Rice. – Los Banos: The Intern. Rice Res. Inst., 1976. – P. 67–86.
83. Wenming Y. The origins of rice agriculture, pottery and cities // The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture / ed. Y. Yasuda. – New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 2002. – P. 150–156.
84. Wenxu Z. The bi-peak-tubercle of rice, the character of ancient rice and the origin of cultivated rice // The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture / ed. Y. Yasuda. – New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 2002. – P. 205–216.
85. Yasuda Y. Origins of pottery and agriculture in East Asia // The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture / ed. Y. Yasuda. – New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 2002. – P. 119–142.
86. Yasuda Y. Climate change and the origin and development of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin, China // AMBIO: A J. of the Hum. Environment. – 2008. – Vol. 37, Spec. ed. 14. – P. 502–506.
87. Zheng Z., Bao Yin Y., Petit-Maire N. Paleoenvironments in China during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene Optimum // Episodes. – 1998. – Vol. 21, N 3. – P. 152–158.
Review
For citations:
Jaehoon L. Agricultural Practice on the Korean Peninsula Taking into Account the Origin of Rice Agriculture in Asia. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2017;45(1):36-48. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.1.036-048
Views:
4407
Email this article 