Late Bronze Age Smelting and Processing Furnaces of the Eastern Variant of the Pakhomovskaya Culture in the Baraba Forest-Steppe
https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.1.061-071
Abstract
We describe smelting furnaces found in southwestern Siberia, at the Tartas-1 ritual site, representing the eastern variant of the Pakhomovskaya culture. This is so far the only known site where the ritual complex, which includes post holes, and utility and ritual pits, adjoins a special manufacturing area with furnaces for smelting copper ore and processing bronze. The pits, differing in form, depth, and size, belonged to a structure. Furnaces are of two types: deep ones, dug into virgin soil, and shallow ones with domes. The former were destined for smelting ore, and the latter for processing metal. The construction of both types is described in detail. The smelting furnaces are peculiar and have no direct parallels in the Late Bronze Age settlements and sanctuaries of southwestern Siberia, while being somewhat similar to smelting furnaces of the Early Iron Age Itkul culture of the Trans-Urals. Furnaces of the second type resemble those of the local Late Irmen culture. Apparently, in the Baraba forest-steppe, where no copper ore outcrops are available, the ritual complexes included furnaces destined for both smelting ore and processing metal. The bronze metallurgy in the region may have been introduced by immigrants practicing both copper ore smelting and metal processing.
Supporting agencies: This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 18-09-40028)
About the Authors
V. I. Molodin
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Department Head, Director Advisor.
Pr Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090
D. V. Selin
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Junior Researcher.
Pr Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090
L. M. Mylnikova
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Leading Researcher IAE, SB, RAS; Teaching Assistant of the Archaeology and Ethnography Department, NSU.
Pr Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090; Pirogova I, Novosibirsk, 630090
I. A. Durakov
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Associate Professor.
Vilyuiskaya 28, Novosibirsk, 630126
N. S. Efremova
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Senior Researcher.
Pr Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090
References
1. Beisenov A.Z., Varfolomeev V.V., Kasenalin A.E. 2014 Pamyatniki begazy-dandybayevskoy kultury Tsentralnogo Kazakhstana. Almaty: Izd. Inst. arkheologii imeni A.K. Margulana.
2. Beltikova G.V. 1981 O zauralskoy metallurgii VII-III vv. do n.e. In Voprosy arkheologii Urala, iss. 15. Sverdlovsk: pp. 118-125.
3. Bobrinsky A.A. 1991 Goncharniye masterskiye i gorny Vostochnoy Yevropy (po materialam II-IV vv. do n.e.). Moscow: Nauka.
4. Bobrov V.V., Moor N.N., Plats I.A., Falman A.V. 2018 Noviye materialy na pamyatnike pozdnego bronzovogo veka Lozhka-6 v Barabinskoy lesostepi. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIV. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 219-224.
5. Borzunov V. A., Matyushchenko V.I. 1994 Poseleniya i postroyki bronzovogo i zheleznogo vekov kultur krestovoy keramiki. In Ocherki kulturogeneza narodov Zapadnoy Sibiri. Poseleniya i zhilishcha, vol. 1 (1). Tomsk: Izd. Tom. Gos. Univ., pp. 190-203.
6. Chernykh E.N. 2007 Kargaly: Fenomen i paradoksy razvitiya. Kargaly v sisteme metallurgicheskikh provintsiy. Potayennaya (sakralnaya) zhizn arkhaichnykh gornyakov i metallurgov, vol. V Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury.
7. Chernykh E.N. 2018 Kargaly - zabytiy mir. Orenburg: Orenburg. kniga.
8. Chicha - gorodishche perekhodnogo ot bronzy k zhelezu vremeni v Barabinskoy lesostepi. 2009 VI. Molodin, H. Parzinger, S.K. Krivonogov, A.Y Kazansky, M.A. Chemyakina, G.G. Matasova, A.N. Vasilevsky, A.S. Ovcharenko, A.E. Grishin, N.V. Ermakova, M.I. Dergacheva, I.N. Fedeneva, O.A. Nekrasova, L.N. Mylnikova, I.A. Durakov, L.S. Kobeleva, A.V. Zubova, T.A. Chikisheva, D.V. Pozdnyakov, A.S. Pilipenko, A.G. Romashchenko, I.V Kulikov, VF. Kobzev, O.I. Novikova, S.K. Vasiliev, I. SchneeweiB, K. Privat, V.V. Boldyrev, V.A. Drebushchak, T.N. Drebushchak, E.I. Derevianko, A.P. Borodovsky, D. Bourgarit, I. Reiche, S.V. Kuzminykh, Z.V. Marchenko, vol. 3. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.
9. Durakov I.A. 2009 Tsvetnaya metalloobrabotka gorodishcha Chicha-1. In Chicha - gorodishche perekhodnogo ot bronzy k zhelezu vremeni v Barabinskoy lesostepi, vol. 3. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 213-230.
10. Efremova N.S., Mylnikova L.N., Molodin V.I., Vasiliev S.K., Durakov LA, Selin D.V 2017 Ritualniye kompleksy vostochnogo varianta pakhomovskoy kultury: Noviye kontseptsii interpretatsii. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 314-317.
11. Efremova N.S., Selin D.V., Molodin V.I., Mylnikova L.N. 2017 Keramika ritualnogo kompleksa vostochnogo varianta pakhomovskoy kultury: Rezultaty issledovaniy 2017 goda. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XXIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 318-321.
12. Evdokimov V.V., Stefanov V.I. 1980 Poseleniye Prorva. InArkheologiya Priirtyshya. Tomsk: Izd. Tom. Gos. Univ., pp. 41-51.
13. Korochkova O.N. 2009 The Pakhomovskaya culture of the Late Bronze Age. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology ofEurasia, vol. 37 (3): 75-84.
14. Korochkova O.N. 2010 Vzaimodeistviye kultur v epokhu pozdney bronzy (andronoidniye drevnosti Tobolo-Irtyshya). Yekaterinburg: Uralyurizdat.
15. Koryakova L.N., Panteleeva S.E. 2019 Kolodtsy ukreplennogo poseleniya Kamenniy Ambar. Uralskiy istoricheskiy vestnik, No. 1: 17-28.
16. Margulan A.K. 1979 Begazy-dandybayevskaya kultura Tsentralnogo Kazakh-stana. Alma-Ata: Nauka KazSSR.
17. Matveev A.V. 1993 Irmenskaya kultura v lesostepnom Priobye. Novosibirsk: Izd. Novosib. Gos. Univ.
18. Matveev A.V., Chikunova LY. 1999 Poseleniye Botniki-1v na Nizhney Iseti. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii, No. 2: 44-50.
19. Matveev A.V., Gorelov V.V. 1991 Osnovniye itogi issledovaniya gorodishcha Efimovo-1. In Problemy pozdney bronzy i perekhoda k epokhe zheleza na Urale i sopredelnykh territoriyakh: Tezisy dokl. nauch. konf. Ufa: pp. 51-54.
20. Matveev A.V., Gorelov V.V. 1993 Gorodishche Efimovo-1. RAN. Sib. otdeleniye IPOS. Preprint. Tyumen.
21. Matyushchenko V.I. 1974 Drevnyaya istoriya naseleniya lesnogo i lesostepnogo Priobya. Pt. 4: Yelovsko-irmenskaya kultura. Tomsk: Izd. Tom. Gos. Univ. (Iz istorii Sibiri; iss. 12).
22. Matyushchenko V.I., Igolnikova L.G. 1966 Poseleniye Yelovka - pamyatnik vtorogo etapa bronzovogo veka Sredney Obi. In Sibirskiy arkheologicheskiy sbornik. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 183-195. (Materialy po istorii Sibiri; iss. 2).
23. Molodin V.I. 1985 Baraba v epokhu bronzy. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
24. Molodin V.I. 2010 Ekologicheskiy “stress” na rubezhe II-I tys. do n.e. i yego vliyaniye na etnokulturniye i sotsialno-ekonomicheskiye protsessy u narodov Zapadnoy Sibiri. In Kultura kak sistema v istoricheskom kontekste: Opyt zapadno-sibirskikh arkheologo-etnograficheskikh soveshchaniy. Tomsk: Agraf-Press, pp. 22-24.
25. Molodin V.I. 2014 Ethnic and cultural mosaic in western Baraba during the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition (14th-8th centuries BC). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology ofEurasia, vol. 42 (4): 54-64.
26. Molodin V.I. 2015 Tartas-1 - unikalniy arkheologicheskiy kompleks na yuge Zapadno-Sibirskoy ravniny (kratkiy obzor issledovaniy poslednikh let). Vestnik Rossiyskogo fonda fundamentalnukh issledovaniy. Ser.: Gumanitarniye i obshchestvenniye nauki, No. 4 (81): 172-184.
27. Molodin V.I., Chemyakina M.A. 1984 Poseleniye Novochekino-3 - pamyatnik epokhi pozdney bronzy na severe Barabinskoy lesostepi. In Arkheologiya i etnografiya Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Barnaul: Izd. Alt. Gos. Univ., pp. 40-62.
28. Molodin V.I., Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., Efremova N.S., Demakhina M.S. 2014
29. Issledovaniya kultovykh sooruzheniy pakhomovskoykultury (vostochniy variant). In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XX. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 215-219.
30. Molodin V.I., Efremova N.S. 2015 Ritualniy kompleks irmenskoy kultury: Semanticheskiye rekonstruktsii (po materialam mogilnika Sopka-2). In Arkheo-logicheskiye izyskaniya v Zapadnoy Sibiri i na sopredelnykh territoriyakh: Sbornik nauch.-issled. rabot po itogam konf., posvyashch. 90-letiyu professora, d-ra ist. nauk T.N. Troitskoy. Novosibirsk: Izd. Novosib. Gos. Ped. Univ., pp. 71-78. Molodin V.I., Kobeleva L.S., Nagler A.,
31. Durakov I.A., Efremova N.S., Nenakhov D.A., Demakhina M.S., Mylnikova L.N., Hansen S. 2013 Kultoviye kompleksy vostochnogo areala pakhomovskoy kultury na mnogosloinom pamyatnike Tartas-1. In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XIX. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 265-269.
32. Molodin V.I., Nagler A., Hansen S., Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., Efremova N.S., Novikova O.I., Mylnikova L.N., Vasiliev S.K., Vasilieva Y.A., Kovyrshina Y.N., Kudinova M.A., Mosechkina N.N., Nenakhov D.A., Nesterova M.S., Salnikova I.V. 2012 Ritualniye kompleksy vostochnogo areala pakhomovskoy kultury na pamyatnike Tartas-1 (Ob-Irtyshskaya lesostep). In Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredelnykh territoriy, vol. XVIII. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 231-235.
33. Mylnikov V.P., Mylnikova L.N. 2015 Dwellings and utility structures at Linevo-1—a Late Bronze to Early Iron Age settlement in the Salair Region, Western Siberia. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology ofEurasia, vol. 43 (2): 72-87.
34. Mylnikova L.N., Durakov I.A. 2004 Proizvodstvennaya ploshchadka i izdeliya iz metalla irmenskoy kultury poseleniya Linevo-1. In Kompleksniye issledovaniya drevnikh i traditsionnykh obshchestv Yevrazii. Barnaul: Izd. Alt. Gos. Univ., pp. 217-221.
35. Mylnikova L.N., Durakov I.A. 2008 Proizvodstvennaya ploshchadka poseleniya Berezoviy Ostrov-1. In Etnokulturniye protsessy v Verkhnem Priobye i sopredelnykh regionakh v kontse epokhi bronzy. Barnaul: Kontsept, pp. 56-68.
36. Nesterova M.S. 2015 Ochagi v poselencheskikh kompleksakh epokhi bronzy i rannego zheleznogo veka Zapadnoy Sibiri: Cand. Sc. (History) Dissertation. Novosibirsk.
37. Nesterova M.S., Tkachev Al.Al. 2011 Ochazhniye ustroistva v strukturę poselencheskikh kompleksov pakhomovskoy kultury. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii, No. 1: 63-71.
38. Polevodov A.V. 2003 Suzgunskaya kultura v lesostepi Zapadnoy Sibiri: Cand. Sc. (History) Dissertation. Omsk.
39. Potemkina T.M., Korochkova O.N., Stefanov V.I. 1995 Lesnoye Tobolo-Irtyshye v kontse epokhi bronzy (po materialam Chudskoy Gory). Moscow: Nauka.
40. Selin D.V. 2016 Rezultaty analiza retseptov formovochnykh mass keramiki naseleniya vostochnogo varianta pakhomovskoy kultury pamyatnika Tartas-1 (Barabinskaya lesostep). Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, filologiya, vol. 15, No. 7: Arkheologiya i etnografiya: 60-73.
41. Selin D.V. 2018 Epokha finalnoy bronzy v pravoberezhnom Priirtyshye (vostochniy variant pakhomovskoy kultury): Cand. Sc. (History) Dissertation. Novosibirsk.
42. Sidorov E.A., Novikova O.I 1991 Ochagi irmenskogo poseleniya Milovanovo-3. In Problemy khronologii i periodizatsii arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Barnaul: Izd. Alt. Gos. Univ., pp. 83-84.
43. Tataurova L.V., Polevodov A.V., Trufanov A.Y. 1997 Alekseyevka XXI - pamyatnik epokhi pozdney bronzy predtayezhnogo Priirtyshya. In Arkheologicheskiye mikroraiony Zapadnoy Sibiri. Omsk: Izd. Om. Gos. Univ., pp. 162-191.
44. Titova M.V., Troitskaya T.N. 2008 K voprosu o svyazi mezhdu yelovskoy i irmenskoy kulturami. In Etnokulturniye protsessy v Verkhnem Priobye i sopredelnykh regionakh v kontse epokhi bronzy. Barnaul: Izd. Alt. Gos. Univ., pp. 92-101.
45. Tkachev Al.Al. 2014 Kompleksy metalloobrabotki pakhomovskoy kultury (Zapadnaya Sibir). In Geoarkheologiya i arkheologicheskaya mineralogiya. Tyumen: Inst. mineralogii UrO RAN, pp. 139-142.
46. Tkachev Al.Al. 2017 Kulturno-istoricheskiye protsessy v epokhu pozdney bronzy na territorii lesostepnogo i yuzhnotayezhnogo Tobolo-Irtyshya: Cand. Sc. (History) Dissertation. Barnaul.
47. Tkachev Al.Al., Tkachev A.A. 2017 Osobennosti domostroitelstva naseleniya pakhomovskoy kultury epokhi pozdney bronzy. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, No. 1: 34-43.
48. Troitskaya T.N., Durakov I.A. 1999 Bronzoliteinoye proizvodstvo v Novosibirskom Priobye v V-IV vv. do n.e. In Voprosy arkheologii i istorii Yuzhnoy Sibiri. Barnaul: Barnaul. Gos. Ped. Univ., pp. 131-139.
Review
For citations:
Molodin V.I., Selin D.V., Mylnikova L.M., Durakov I.A., Efremova N.S. Late Bronze Age Smelting and Processing Furnaces of the Eastern Variant of the Pakhomovskaya Culture in the Baraba Forest-Steppe. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2020;48(1):61-71. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.1.061-071
Views:
495
Email this article 