ETHNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SIBERIAN ZOOMORPHS: A SEARCH FOR MEANING AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC EVIDENCE
Abstract
Ethnological analogies derived from studies of recent environments and societies in Arctic and Subarctic regions of Siberia are generally being applied in archaeological interpretative models. The analogies prove to be inspiring, because each of them has the potential to enlarge the scope of static archaeological evidence by including dynamic aspects of social and symbolic systems within recent societies. Here, we analyze electronic databases and literature on zoomorphic and theriantropic figurines collected during the Jesup North Pacific expedition. Subsequently, the social value and mythological context that accompany specific zoomorphic themes were recorded. Some aspects of these paleoethnological implications are partially applicable to the Upper Paleolithic zoomorphs.
References
1. Амирханов Х.А., Ахметгалеева Н.Б., Бужилова А.П., Бурова Н.Д., Лев С.Ю., Мащенко Е.Н. Исследования палеолита в Зарайске, 1999–2005. – М.: Палеограф, 2009. – 466 с.
2. Арефьева А.А. Нгухуко и Акань // История Ямала: взгляд из музейных хранилищ. – Екатеринбург: Урал. рабочий, 2008. – Вып. 1. – С. 51–57.
3. Вдовин И.С. Природа и человек в религиозных представлениях чукчей // Природа и человек в религиозныхпредставлениях народов Сибири и Севера (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Л.: Наука, 1976. – С. 217–253.
4. Герасимов М.М. Мальта: Палеолитическая стоянка: Результат работ 1928–1929 гг . – Иркутск: Иркут. краевой музей, 1931. – 34 с.
5. Гурвич И.С. Корякские промысловые праздники // Сибирский этнографический сборник. – М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1962. – Вып. 4. – С. 238–257.
6. Ефименко П.П. Костенки I. – М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1958. – 450, [2] с.
7. Иванов С.Б. Мамонт в искусстве народов Сибири // Сб. МАЭ. – 1949. – Вып. 11. – С. 132–154.
8. Потапова М.Г., Левина А.П. Народы Сибири. – М.: Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1956. – 1114 с.
9. Таксами Ч.М. Представления о природе и человеке у нивхов // Природа и человек в религиозных представлениях народов Сибири и Севера (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Л.: Наука, 1976. – С. 203–216.
10. Abramova Z.A. L’art paléolithique d´Europe orientale et de Sibérie. – Grenoble: Jérome Millon, 1995. – 367 p.: ill., maps.
11. Absolon K. Výzkum diluviální stanice lovců mamutů v Dolních Věstonicích na Pavlovských kopcích na Moravě: (Pracovní zpráva za první rok 1924). – Brno: Barvič a Novotný, 1938. – 46 str.; 7 tab.
12. Absolon K. Výzkum diluviální stanice lovců mamutů v Dolních Věstonicích na Pavlovských kopcích na Moravě: (Pracovní zpráva za třetí rok 1926). – Brno: Moravské knihtiskárny polygrafi e, 1945. – 241 str.; 18 tab.
13. Assmann A. Transformations between history and memory // Social Research. – 2008. – Vol. 75. N 1. – P. 49–72.
14. Banerjee S., Kazlowski S., Rose H., Hoshino M., Morris A. Arctic wings: Birds of the arctic national wildlife refuge. – Seattle: Mountaineers books, 2006. – 192 p.
15. Binford R.A. Archaeology as anthropology // American Antiquity. – 1962. – Vol. 28. – P. 217–225.
16. Bird-David N. The giving environment: Another perspective on the economic system of gatherer-hunters // Current Anthropology. – 1990. – Vol. 31. – P. 189–196.
17. Blix A.S. Arctic animals and their adaptations to life on the edge. – Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press, 2005. – 296 p.
18. Boas F. Jesup North Pacifi c Expedition // The American Museum J. – 1903. – Vol. 5. – P. 69–117.
19. Bogoras W. The Chukchee. – Leiden; N.Y.: E.J. Brill Ltd, 1907. – 260 p. – (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition Publicatiòns; vol. 7, pt. 2). – (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History; vol. 11).
20. Bogoras W. Chukchee mythology. – Leiden, N.Y.: E.J. Brill Ltd, 1910. – 197 p. – (The Jesup North Pacifi c Expedition Publicatiòns; vol. 8, pt. I). – (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History; vol. 12).
21. Borić D. Images of animality: Hybrid bodies and mimesis in early Prehistoric art // Image and imagination / eds. C. Renfrew, I. Morley. – Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007. – P. 83–99.
22. Connerton P. How societies remember. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. – 121 p.
23. Czaplicka M.A. Aboriginal Siberia: A study in social anthropology. – Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914. – 436 p.
24. David N., Kramer C. Ethnoarchaeology in action. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. – XXVII, 476 p.
25. Davidson I. Power of pictures // Beyond art: Pleistocene image and symbol / eds. M.W. Conkey, O. Soffer, D. Stratman, N. Jablonski. – Berkley: University of California Press, 1997. – P. 125–159.
26. Delporte H. L´image des animaux dans l´art préhistorique. – P.: Picard, 1990. – 254 p.
27. Der Löwenmensch: Tier und Mensch in der Kunst der Eiszeit / Hrsg. K. Wehrenberger, B. Reinhardt. – Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1994. – 141 S.
28. Djindjian F. L’art paléolithique dans son systeme culturel. II: De la variabilité des bestiaires représentés dans l’art pariétal et mobilier paléolithique // La spiritualité: Actes du Colloque international de Liège (10–12 décembre 2003) / ed. by M. Otte. – Liége: Université de Liége, 2004. – P. 127–152. – (ERAUL; N 106).
29. Dupuy D. Fragments d’images, images de fragments: La statuaire gravettienne, du geste au symbole: thèse de doctorat Nouveau Régime / Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille I. – Marseille, 2007. – 321 p.
30. Gamble C.S. Interaction and alliance in Palaeolithic society // Man. N. S. – 1982. – Vol. 17. – P. 92–107.
31. Guthrie R.D. The nature of Paleolithic art. – Chicago; L.: University of Chicago Press, 2005. – 520 p.
32. Gvozdover M. Art of the Mammoth hunters: The fi nds from Avdeevo. – Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1995. – 186 p. – (Oxbow monographs; N 49).
33. Hahn J. Kraft und Aggresion: die Botschaft der Eiszeitkunst im Aurignacien Süddeutschlands? – Tübingen: Institut für Urgesichte der Universität Tübingen, 1986. – 254 S. – (Archaeologica Venatoria; Bd. 7).
34. Hunters of the golden age / eds. W. Roebroeks, M. Mussi, J. Svoboda, K. Fennema. – Leiden: University of Leiden, 2000. – 420 p.
35. Ingold T. From trust to domination: An alternative history of human-animal relations // Animals and human society / ed. by S. Manning. – L.: Routledge, 1994. – P. 1–22.
36. Jochelson W. The Koryaks. – Leiden; N.Y.: E.J. Brill Ltd, 1908. – 460 p. – (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition Publicatiòns; vol. 6, pt. 2). – (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History; vol. 10).
37. Jochelson W. The Yukaghir and Yukaghirized Tungus. – Leiden; N.Y.: E.J. Brill Ltd, 1926. – 127 p. – (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition Publicatiòns; vol. 9). – (Memoir of the American Museum of Vatural History; vol. 13).
38. Klíma B. Les représentations animales du Paléolithique supérieur de Dolní Věstonice: 3e Colloque de la Société Suisse des Sciences Humaine. – Fribourg, 1979. – P. 323–332.
39. Klíma B. Figürlichen Plastiken aus der paläolitischen Siedlung von Pavlov (ČSSR) // Religion und Kult. – 1989. – Bd. 6. – S. 81–90.
40. Králík M. Ancient ceramics and imprints on their surfaces // Pavlov – Excavations 2007–2011 / ed by J. Svoboda. – Brno: Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2011. – P. 207–244. – (Dolní Věstonice studies; N 18).
41. Krupnik I. Arctic adaptations: Native whalers and reindeer herders of Northern Eurasia. – Hanover; L.: University Press of New England, 1993. – 355 p.
42. Laufer B. Preliminary notes on explorations among Amoor tribes // American Anthropologist. – 1900. – Vol. 2, N 2. – P. 297–338.
43. Lewis-Williams D.J. The mind in the cave: Conciousness and the origins of art. – N.Y.: Thames & Hudson, 2002. – 320 p.
44. Lewis-Williams D.J., Dowson T.R. The signs of all times: Entoptic phenomena in Upper Paleolitic art // Current Anthropology. – 1988. – Vol. 29, N 2. – P. 201–245.
45. Marshack A. The roots of civilization: the cognitive beginnings of mans fi rst art, symbol and notation. – N.Y.: Moyer Bell Ltd; Mount Kisco, 1991. – 445 p.
46. Mithen S. Ecological interpretations of Paleolithic art // Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. – 1991. – Vol. 57, N 1. – P. 103–114.
47. Mitlyanskaya T. Native carvers and outsider artists: Patterns of interaction in Siberia Eskimo/Chukchi ivory carving // Arctic Anthropology. – 1996. – Vol. 33, N 1. – P. 67–88.
48. Mortillet G., de. Le Préhistorique: antiquité de l’hom me. – P.: C. Reinwald, 1883. – 642 p. – (Bibliottèque des Sciences contemporaines).
49. Nadasdy P. The gift in the animal: The ontology of hunting and human-animal society // American Ethnologist. – 2007. – Vol. 34. – P. 25–43.
50. Nelson E.W. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. – Washington: Government Printing Offi ce, 1900. – 518 p. – (Annual Report of the Burea of American Ethnology; vol. 18).
51. Owen L. Distorting the past: Gender and the division of labor in European Upper Palaeolithic. – Tübingen: Kerns Verlag, 2005. – 240 p.
52. Pedersen M.A. Totemism, animism and North Asian indigenous ontologies // J. of the Royal Anthropological Institute. – 2001. – Vol. 7, N 3. – P. 411–427.
53. Popular Beliefs and Folklore Tradition in Siberia / ed. by V. Dioszégi. – Budapest: Akadémiai Kaidó, 1968. – 500 s.
54. Porr M. Paleolithic art as cultural memory: A case study of the Aurignacian art of Southwestern Germany // Cambridge Archaeological J. –2010. – Vol. 20, N 1. – P. 87–108.
55. Sauvet G., Wlodarczyk A. Towards a formal grammar of the European Paleolithic cave art // Rock Art Research. – 2008. – Vol. 25. – P. 165–172.
56. Sázelová S. Symbolismus u mobilních společnosti Sibiře: Lidé a zvířata v etnologické analogii a archeologickém kontextu: disertačni / Masarykova univerzita. – Brno, 2012. – 205 s.
57. Shamanism in Siberia / eds. V. Dioszégi, M. Hoppál. – Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1978. – 532 s.
58. Soffer O. Gravettian technologies in social context // Hunters of the golden age / eds. W. Roebroeks, M. Mussi, J. Svoboda, K. Fennema. – Leiden: University of Leiden, 2000. – P. 59–75.
59. Stiles D. Ethnoarchaeology: A discussion of methods and applications // Man. N. S. – 1977. – Vol. 12. – P. 87–103.
60. Svoboda J. Symbolisme Gravettien en Moravie: Espace, temps et formes // Bull. de la Société Préhistoire de L´Arié-ge. – 1997. – Vol. 52. – P. 87–103.
61. Svoboda J. Počátky umění. – Praha: Academia, 2011. – 336 s.
62. Svoboda J., Sázelová S., Kosintsev P., Jankovská V., Holub M. Resources and spatial analysis at actual Nenents camp sites: Ethnoarchaeological implications // J. of Anthropological Archaeology. – 2011. – Vol. 30. – P. 30–43.
63. Vandiver P., Soffer O., Klíma B., Svoboda J. The origins of ceramic technology at Dolní Věstonice, Czechoslavakia // Science. – 1989. – Vol. 246. – P. 1002–1008.
64. Verpoorte A. Places of art, traces of fire: A contextual approach to anthropomorphic fi gurines in the Pavlovian (Central Europe, 29–24 kyr BP). – Leiden; Brno: University of Leiden, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2001. – 144 p.
65. Willerslev R. Not animal, not not-animal: Hunting, imitation and empathetic knowledge among the Siberian Yukaghirs // J. of the Royal Anthropological Institute. – 2004. – Vol. 10. – P. 629–652.
For citation:
Sázelová S. ETHNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SIBERIAN ZOOMORPHS: A SEARCH FOR MEANING AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC EVIDENCE. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2014;60(4):125-135. (In Russ.)
Views: 67
Email this article 