THE PLEISTOCENE PEOPLING OF THE NORTH: PALEOLITHIC MILESTONES AND THRESHOLDS HORIZONS IN NORTHERN EURASIAPART II: THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC HUMAN BIOGEOGRAPHIC REALM
Abstract
The Middle Paleolithic record for the peopling of the North is presented with tables, a distribution map, chronology, bioclimatic circumstances, and toolmaking repertoires. Salient aspects identify time-series, patterns of adaptive strategies, dispersal “frontlines”, and strategies for procurement of food-animals. They support empirically a model of the human biogeographic “cold space” realm; its bearing on the adaptive horizons of the historical zonation of the Paleolithic culture; debates about the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Eurasia; and antecedents for trends in intensifi cation of Holocene culture in circumpolar habitats, with reference to the Canadian Arctic.
About the Author
N. Rolland
Prehistoric Anthropology Research Canada 192 Bushby St., Victoria, BC, V8S 1B6, Canada
Canada
Canada
References
1. Археология, геология и палеогеография плейстоцена и голоцена Горного Алтая / под ред. А.П. Деревянко, А.К. Агаджаняна, Ф.Ф. Барышникова. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 1998. – 174 с.
2. Верещагин Н.К. Пещерный лев и его история в Голарктике и в пределах СССР // Материалы по фаунам антропогена СССР. – Л.: Наука, 1971. – Вып. XLIX. – С. 123–198.
3. Вишняцкий Л.Б. Палеолит Средней Азии и Казахстана. – СПб.: Европ. дом, 1996. – 214 с.
4. Вишняцкий Л.Б. Верхнепалеолитическая революция: география, хронология, причины // Stratum plus. Cultural Anthropology, Archaeology. – 2000. – № 1. – С. 245–266.
5. Вишняцкий Л.Б. Культурная динамика в середине позднего плейстоцена и причины верхнепалеолитической революции. – СПб.: Изд-во СПб. гос. ун-та, 2008. – 248 с.
6. Вишняцкий Л.Б., Питулько В.В. Сусилуола, Бызовая и вопрос о северной границе неандертальского ареала в Европе // Transactions of the Inst. for the History of Material Culture, St. Petersburg. – 2012. – Iss. 7. – P. 7–15.
7. Гуслицер Б.И., Лосева Е.И. Верхний кайнозой Печорской низменности. – Сыктывкар: АН СССР, отд. Респ. Коми, 1979. – 24 с. – (Науч. докл.; № 43).
8. Гуслицер Б.И., Павлов П.Ю. О первоначальном заселении северо-востока Европы. – Сыктывкар: АН СССР, отд. Респ. Коми, 1987. – 24 с.
9. Деревянко А.П. Переход от среднего к верхнему палеолиту и проблема формирования Homo sapiens в Восточной, Центральной и Северной Азии. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2009. – 328 с.
10. Деревянко А.П. Верхний палеолит в Африке и Евразии и формирование человека современного анатомического типа. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2011. – 560 с.
11. Деревянко А.П., Маркин С.В. Мустье Горного Алтая. – Новосибирск: Наука, 1992. – 224 с.
12. Деревянко А.П., Маркин С.В. Материалы стоянок сибирячихинского варианта среднего палеолита Алтая // Проблемы археологии, этнографии, антропологии Сибири и со-предельных территорий: мат-лы Итоговой сессии ИАЭТ СО РАН 2011 г. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2011. – Т. XVII. – С. 40–43.
13. Деревянко А.П., Маркин С.В., Зыкина В.С., Зыкин В.С. Чагырская пещера: исследования в 2009 году // Проблемы археологии, этнографии, антропологии Сибири и сопредельных территорий: мат-лы Итоговой сессии ИАЭТ СО РАН 2009 г. / под ред. А.П. Деревянко, В.И. Молодина. – Новосибирск: ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2009. – Т. XV. – С. 129–132.
14. Деревянко А.П., Петрин В.Т., Рыбин Е.П. Характер перехода от мустье к позднему палеолиту на Алтае (по материалам стоянки Кара-Бом) // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2000. – № 2. – С. 33–54.
15. Деревянко А.П., Шуньков М.В. Индустрии с листовидными бифасами в среднем палеолите Горного Алтая // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2002. – № 1. – С. 16–42.
16. Деревянко А.П., Шуньков М.В., Агаджанян А.К., Барышников Ф.Ф., Малаева Е.М., Ульянов В.А., Кулик Н.А., Постнов А.В., Анойкин А.А. Природная среда и человек в палеолите Горного Алтая. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2003. – 448 с.
17. Зенин В.Н. Основные этапы освоения Западно-Сибирской равнины палеолитическим человеком // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2002. – № 4. – С. 22–44.
18. Лбова Л.В. Палеолит северной зоны Западного Забайкалья. – Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 2000. – 240 с.
19. Лбова Л.В., Резанов И.Н., Калмыков Н.П., Коломиец Л.В., Дергачева М.И., Феденева И.К., Вашукевич Н.В., Волков П.В., Савинова В.В., Базаров Б.А., Намсараев Д.В. Природная среда и человек в неоплейстоцене (Западное Забайкалье и Юго-Восточное Прибайкалье). – Улан-Удэ: Изд-во БНЦ СО РАН, 2003. – 208 с.
20. Матасова Г.Г., Казанский А.Ю., Зыкина В.С., Чиркин К.С. Реконструкция древней природной среды и палеоклимата магнитными методами на археологических па-мятниках Средней и Западной Сибири // Археология, этно-графия и антропология Евразии. – 2001. – № 3. – С. 2–16.
21. Мочанов И.Е., Федосеева С.А. Ноосфера и археология // Наука и техника в Якутии. – 2001. – № 1. – С. 28–33.
22. Мочанов И.Е., Федосеева С.А. Археология палеолита Северо-Восточной Азии: внетропическая прародина человечества и древнейшее заселение человеком Америки. – Якутск: АН Республики Саха (Якутия), 2002. – 60 с.
23. Народы Сибири / под ред. М.Г. Левина, Л.П. Потапова. – М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1956. – 1083 с.
24. Орлова Л.А., Кузьмин Я.В., Зенин В.Н., Дементьев В.Н. Динамика и условия существования популяций мамонта (Mammuthus primigenius Blum.) в позднеледниковье в Северной Азии // Геология и геофизика. – 2003. – № 8. – С. 809–818.
25. Орлова Л.А., Кузьмин Я.В., Зольников И.Д. Пространственно-временные аспекты истории популяции мамонта (Mammuthus primigenius Blum.) и древний человек в Сибири (по радиоуглеродным датам) // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2000. – № 3. – С. 31–41.
26. Отт М., Козловский Я.К. Переход от среднего к верхнему палеолиту в Северной Евразии // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. – 2001. – № 3. – С. 51–62.
27. Современные проблемы евразийского палеолитоведения / под ред. А.П. Деревянко, Г.И. Медведева. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2001. – 431 с.
28. Arkhipov S.A. Natural habitat of early man in Siberia // Anthropozoikum. – 1999. – Vol. 23. – P. 133–140.
29. Bader O.N. The Palaeolithic of the Urals and the peopling of the North // Arctic Anthropol. – 1965. – Vol. III, N 1. – P. 77–90.
30. Bar-Yosef O. The Upper Paleolithic Revolution // Ann. Rev. of Anthropol. – 2002. – Vol. 33. – P. 363–393.
31. Baumann W., Mania D. Die Paläolithische Neufunde von Markkleeberg bei Leipzig. – Dresden: Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, 1983. – 280 S.
32. Bosinksi G. Eine mittelpaläolitische Formengruppe und das Problem ihrer geochronologischen Einordnung // Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart. – 1963. – Bd. 14. – S. 124–140.
33. Bosinski G. The transition Lower/Middle Palaeolithic in Northwestern Germany // The Transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic and the Origin of Modern Man / ed. A. Ronen. – Oxford: BAR, 1982. – Vol. 151. – P. 165–175.
34. Bosinski G. Eiszeitjäger im Neuwieder Becken. Archäologie an Mittelrhein und Mosel 1. – Koblenz: Landesamt für Denkmalpfl ege, 1983. – 112 S.
35. Bosinski G. Archäologie des Eiszeitalters. Vulkanismus und Lavaindustrie am Mittelrhein. – Mainz: Verl. des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 1986a. – 38 S.
36. Bosinski G. Chronostratigraphie du Paléolithique inférieur et moyen en Rhénanie // Chronostratigraphie et faciès culturels du Paléolithique inférieur et moyen dans l’Europe du Nordouest / eds. A. Tuffreau, J. Sommé. – P.: [s.n.], 1986b. – N 26. – P. 15–34.
37. Bosinski G. General Discussion // Toward Modern Humans. The Yabrudian and Micoquian 400-50 k-years ago / eds. A. Ronen,
38. M. Weinstein-Evron. – Oxford: BAR, 2000. – Vol. 850. – P. 228. Bourgignon L. Le débitage Quina de la couche 5 de
39. Sclayn: éléments d’interprétation // Recherches aux de grottes de Sclayn / eds. M. Otte, M. Patou-Mathis, D. Bonjean. – Liège: E.R.A.U.L., 1998. – Vol. 79. – P. 249–276.
40. Characteristic Features of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition in Eurasia / eds. A.P. Derevianko, M.V. Shunkov. – Novosibirsk: Publ. Dep. of the Inst. of Archaeol. and Ethnogr. SB RAS, 2011. – 226 p.
41. Childe V.G. Archaeological ages as technological stages // J. of the Royal Anthropol. Inst. – 1944. – Vol. 74. – P. 7–24. Chlachula J. Environmental context of Pleistocene peopling of the Central Urals // Quaternary Intern. – 2009. – DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.08.012
42. Chlachula J. Climate History and Early Peopling of Siberia // Earth and Environmental Science / eds. I.A. Dar, M.A. Dar. – [S.l.]: Tech Publications, 2011. – P. 495–538.
43. Chlachula J., Drozdov N., Ovodov N.D. Last Interglacial peopling of Siberia: the Middle Palaeolithic site Ust’Izhul’, the upper Yenisei area // Boreas. – 2003. – Vol. 32. – P. 506–520.
44. Clark G.A., Riel-Salvatore J. What’s in a name? Observations on the compositional integrity of the Aurignacian // The Mediterranean from 50,000 to 25,000 BP: Turning Points and New Directions / eds. M. Camps, C. Szmidt. – Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009. – P. 323–338.
45. Clark J.G.D. The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia. – Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1975. – 307 p.
46. Cooper J.M. The Culture of the Northeastern Indian Hunters: A Reconstructive Interpretation // Man in Northeastern North America / ed. F. Johnson. – Andover: Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, 1946. – P. 272–305.
47. Cyrek K. The Biśnik Cave in Southern Poland: reconstruction of the Palaeolithic cave habitation in relation to the environmental change // Middle Palaeolithic Human Activity and Palaeoecology: New Discoveries and Ideas / eds. J.M. Burdikiewicz, A. Wiśniewski. – Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2010. – Vol. XLI: Studia Archeologiczne. – P. 69–93.
48. Davis R.S., Ranov V.A. Recent work on the Paleolithic of Central Asia // Evolutionary Anthropol. – 1999. – Vol. 8, N 5. – P. 186–193.
49. Djindjian F., Kozłowski J., Bazile F. Europe during the early Upper Palaeolithic 29 (40,000–30,000 BP): a synthesis // The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications / eds. J. Zilhaõ, F. d’Errico. – Lisboa: Trabalhos de arqueologia, 2003. – P. 29–48. – (Trabalhos de Arqueologia; N 33).
50. Drozdov N.I., Chlachula J., Chekha V.P. Pleistocene environments and palaeolithic occupation of the Northern Minusinsk Basin, southern Krasnoyarsk region // Anthropozoikum. – 1999. – Vol. 23. – P. 141–155.
51. Eastern Arctic Prehistory: Paleoeskimo Problems / ed. M.S. Maxwell. – Wash.: Soc. for Am. Archaeol., 1976. – 170 p.
52. Escutenaire M. La transition paléolithique moyen/ supérieur de Sibérie. Première partie: les données // Préhistoire Européenne. – 1994. – Vol. 6. – P. 9–76.
53. Foltyn E., Kozłowski J.K., Waga J.M. Geochronology and environment of the pre-Eemian Middle Palaeolithic in Southern Poland // Middle Palaeolithic Human Activity and Palaeoecology: New Discoveries and Ideas / eds. J.M. Kozłowski, A. Wiśniewski. – Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2010. – Vol. XLI: Studia Archeologiczne. – P. 95–115.
54. Glantz M., Suleymanov R., Hughes P., Schauer A. Anghilak cave, Uzbekistan: documenting Neandertal occupation at the periphery // Antiquity. – 2003. – Vol. 77, N 295. – P. 1–4.
55. Grahmann R. The Lower Palaeolithic site of Markkleeberg and other comparable localities near Leipzig. – Philadelphia: Transactions of the Am. Philos. Soc., NS, 1955. – Vol. 45, pt. 2. – P. 509–627.
56. Gualtieri L., Vartanyan S.I., Brigham-Grette J., Anderson P.M. Evidence of an ice-free Wangel Island, northeast Siberia during the Last Glacial Maximum // Boreas. – 2005. – Vol. 34. – P. 264–273.
57. Haber G.C., Walters C.J. Dynamics of the Alaska-Yukon caribou herds and management implications // Proc. of the Intern. Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, Røros, Norway / eds. E. Gaare, S. Skjenneberg. – Trondheim: [s.n.], 1980. – P. 645–660. Hoffecker J.F. Desolate landscapes. Ice-Age Settlement in Eastern Europe. – New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2002. – 298 p.
58. Hublin J.-J., Weston D., Gunz P., Richards M., Roebroeks W., Glimmerveen J., Anthonis L. Out of the North Sea: the Zeeland Ridge Neandertal // J. of Human Evol. – 2009. – DOI: 10.1016/j.hevol.2009.09.001
59. Hütt G., Jungner H., Kujansu R., Saarnisto M. OSL and TL dating of buried podsols and overlying sands in Ostrobothnia, western Finland // J. of Quaternary Sci. – 1993. – Vol. 8, N 2. – P. 125–132.
60. Junkmanns J. Die Steinartefakte aus Achenheim in der Sammlung Paul Wernert // Archäologisches Korrespondenzbl. – 1991. – Bd. 21. – S. 1–16.
61. Kelly R.L. Hunter-gatherer mobility strategies // J. of Anthropol. Research. – 1983. – Vol. 39. – P. 277–306.
62. Kienast F., Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Tarasov P. Palaeobotanical evidence for warm summers in the East Siberian Arctic during the last cold stage // Quaternary Research. – 2005. – DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2005.01.003
63. Kurteń B. Fossil and Subfossil Mammals in Finland // Memoranda Societatis Fauna Flore Fennica. – 1988. – Vol. 64. – P. 5–39.
64. Kuzmin Y.V. Chronological framework of the Siberian Paleolithic: recent achievements and future directions // Radiocarbon. – 2007. – Vol. 49, N 2. – P. 757–766.
65. La Cotte de St. Brelade 1961–1978: Excavations by C.B.M. McBurney / eds. P. Callow, J. Cornford. – Norwich: Geo Books, 1986. – 433 p.
66. Larichev V., Khol’ushkin U., Laricheva I. The Upper Paleolithic of Northern Asia: Achievements, Problems, and Perspectives. I. Western Siberia // J. of World Prehistory. – 1988. – Vol. 2, N 4. – P. 359–396.
67. Larichev V., Khol’ushkin U., Laricheva I. The Upper Paleolithic of Northern Asia: Achievements, Problems, and Perspectives. II. Central and Eastern Siberia // J. of World Prehistory. – 1990. – Vol. 4, N 3. – P. 347–385.
68. Larichev V., Khol’ushkin U., Laricheva I. The Upper Paleolithic of Northern Asia: Achievements, Problems and Perspectives. III. Northeastern Siberia and the Russian Far East // J. of World Prehistory. – 1992. – Vol. 6, N 4. – P. 441–476.
69. Leroi-Gourhan A. Le geste et la parole. – P.: Albin Michel, 1964. – Vol. I. – 326 p.
70. Lister A. Late-glacial mammoth skeleton (Mammuthus primigenius) from Condover (Shropshire, UK): anatomy, pathology, taphonomy and chronological significance // Geol. J. – 2009. – Vol. 44. – P. 447–449.
71. Mania D. Die ersten Menschen in Europa. – Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verl., 1998. – 101 S.
72. Mangerud J., Astakhov V., Sevendsen J.-I. The extent of the Barents-Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum // Quaternary Sci. Rev. – 2002. – Vol. 21. – P. 111–119.
73. McGhee G.R. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction: The Frasnian/Famennian Crisis. – N.Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1996. – 303 p.
74. McGhee J.R. Ancient people of the Arctic. – Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001. – 244 p.
75. Mellars P.A. Archaeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe. Deconstructing the “Aurignacian” // Evolutionary Anthropol. – 2006. – Vol. 15. – P. 167–182.
76. Monnier J.L. Le paléolithique de la Bretagne dans son cadre géologique. Travaux du laboratoire d’anthropologie, préhistoire, protohistoire et quaternaire armoricain. – [S.l.]: Univ. de Rennes, 1980. – 607 p.
77. Nat D. Eléments de préhistoire et d’archéologie nordsibériennes. (Contributions du Centre d’Ētudes Arctiques et Finno-Scandinaves; N 9, fasc. 1.) – P.: Ecole Pratiques des Hautes Etudes-Sorbonne, 1971. – 258 p.
78. Nat D. Pour une paléoanthropologie des espaces froids // Inter-Nord. – 1972. – N 12. – P. 210–233.
79. Nat D. Le Néolithique baïkalien // Inter-Nord. – 1974. – N 13/14. – P. 181–204.
80. Niemelä J., Jungner H. Thermoluminescence dating of late Pleistocene sediments related to till-covered eskers from Ostrobothnia, Finland // Geological Survey of Finland. – 1989/1990. – Vol. 12. – P. 135–138.
81. Norrman R. Wolf Cave – Varggrottan – Susiluola. A Pre-Ice Age Archaeological Find in Lappfjärd, Finland // Studia Archaeologica Ostrobothniensia – [S.n.], 1993–1997. – P. 131–137.
82. Okladnikov A.P. The temperate zone of continental Asia // Courses Toward Urban Life / eds. R.J. Braidwood, G.R. Willey. – Chicago: Aldine, 1962. – P. 267–287.
83. Olsen J.W. Prehistoric land use and desertification in northwest China // MASCA J. – 1987. – Vol. 4, N 3. – P. 103–109.
84. Olsen J.W. Digging Beneath the Silk Road // Natural History. – 1992. – Vol. 9. – P. 30–38.
85. Otte M. Origine de l’homme moderne: Approche comportementale // Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris. – 1994. – Vol. 238. – Sér. II. – P. 267–273.
86. Pavlov P., Indrelid S. Human occupation in Northeastern Europe during the period 35,000–18,000 BP // Hunters of the Golden Age. The Mid Upper Palaeolithic of Eurasia 30,000–20,000 BP / eds. W. Roebroeks, M. Mussi, J. Svoboda,
87. K. Fennema. – Leiden: Univ. Press, 2000. – P. 165–172. Pavlov P., Roebroeks W., Svendsen J.E. The Pleistocene colonization of northeastern Europe: a report on recent research // J. of Human Evol. – 2004. – Vol. 47, N 1/2. – P. 3–17.
88. Prehistoric Foragers of the Cis-Baikal, Siberia. Northern Hunter-Gatherers Research Series 1. Baikal Archaeology Project / eds. A. Weber, H. McKenzie. – [S.l.]: Canadian Circumpolar Inst. Press, 2003. – 215 p.
89. Roe D.A. The transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic with particular reference to Britain // The Transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic and the Origin of Modern Man / ed. A. Ronen. – Oxford: BAR, 1982. – Vol. 151. – P. 177–191.
90. Roebroeks W., Conard N., Kolfschoten T., van. Dense Forests, Cold Steppes, and the Palaeolithic Settlement of Northern Europe // Current Anthropol. – 1992. – Vol. 33, N 5. – P. 551–586.
91. Roebroeks W., Kolen J., Rensink E. Planning depth, anticipation and the organization of Middle Palaeolithic technology: the “archaic natives” meet eve’s descendants // Helinium. – 1988. – Vol. XXVIII. – P. 17–34.
92. Rolland N. Variabilité et classifi cation: nouvelles données sur le “complexe moustérien” // L’homme de Néandertal / ed. M. Otte. – Liège: E.R.A.U.L. – 1988. – Vol. 4: La technique. – P. 169–183.
93. Rolland N. Variabilité du Paléolithique moyen: nouveaux aspects // Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique superieur ancien en Europe. Ruptures et transitions: examen critique des documents archéologiques / ed. C. Farizy. – Nemours: [s.n.], 1990. – P. 69–76. – (Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d’Ile de France; N 3).
94. Rolland N. The Middle Palaeolithic as Development stage: Evidence from technology, subsistence, settlement systems, and hominid socio-ecology // Hominid Evolution. Lifestyles and Survival Strategies / ed. H. Ullrich. – Schwelm: Archaea, 1999. – P. 209–221.
95. Rolland N. The Colonization and Occupation of Eurasia’s Westernmost Region: The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Stages in Adapting to the European Continent’s Middle and Higher Latitudes // On Being First: Cultural Innovation and Environmental Consequences of First Peopling / eds. J. Gillespie, S. Tupakka, C. de Mille. – Calgary: Chacmool, 2001. – P. 307–322.
96. Rolland N. The Pleistocene hominid peopling of Northern Eurasia: Middle Palaeolithic adaptive threshold // Путь на Се-вер. Окружающая среда и самые ранние обитатели Арктики и Субарктики: мат-лы Междунар. конф. (3–5 дек. 2007 г.). – М.: ИГ РАН, 2008. – С. 48–52.
97. Rolland N., Cinq-Mars J. The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Eurasia and Neanderthal “extinction”: analogies from the Cis-Baikal Neolithic of Siberia and Canadian Arctic culture history // Characteristic Features of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition in Eurasia / eds. A.P. Derevianko, M.V. Shunkov. – Novosibirsk: Publ. Dep. of the Inst. of Archaeol. and Ethnogr. SB RAS, 2011. – P. 180–185.
98. Rudenko S.I. The Ancient Culture of the Bering Sea and the Eskimo Problem. – Toronto: Univ. Press, 1961. – 186 p.
99. Sainte-Anne 1, Sinzelles, Polignac, Haute-Loire. Le Paléolithique moyen de l`unite j1 / ed. J.-P. Raynal. – Laussonne: CDERAD, 2007. – 265 p. – (Les dossiers de l`Archéo-Logis; N 3).
100. Sainty J., Thévenin A. Le Sol 74 // Géomorphologie et préhistoire dans la région de Strasbourg. Recherches Géographiques à Strasbourg. – 1978. – N 7. – P. 123–136.
101. Schultz H.-P. De tog skydd I Varggrottan // Populär Arkeologi. – 1998. – N 3. – P. 3–7.
102. Schultz H.-P. The lithic industry from layers IV–V, Susiluola Cave, Western Finland, dated to the Eemian interglacial // Préhistoire Européenne. – 2000/2001. – Vol. 16/17. – P. 43–56.
103. Schultz H.-P. The Susiluola Cave site in Western Finland: evidence of the northernmost Middle Palaeolithic settlement in Europe // Middle Palaeolithic Human Activity and Palaeoecology: New Discoveries and Ideas / eds. J.M. Burdukiewicz, A. Wiśniewski. – Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Universytetu Wrocławskiego, 2010. – P. 47–67.
104. Schultz H.-P., Eriksson B., Hirvas H., Huhta P., Jungner H., Purhonen P., Ukkonen P., Rankama T. Excavations at Susiluola Cave // Eripainos Suomen Museo. – 2002. – N 109. – P. 5–45.
105. Scott C. Two hunting episodes of Middle Palaeolithic age at La Cotte de Saint-Brelade, Jersey (Channel Islands) // World Archaeol. – 1980. – Vol. 12, N 2. – P. 125–133.
106. Semenov S.A. The forms and functions of the oldest tools // Quartär. – 1970. – Vol. 21. – P. 1–20.
107. Sheehan G.W. Whaling as an Organizing Focus in Northwestern Alaskan Eskimo Societies // Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. The Emergence of Cultural Complexity / eds. T.G. Price, J.A. Brown. – Orlando: Academic Press, 1985. – P. 123–154.
108. Slimak L. Circulation de matériaux très exotiques au Paléolithique moyen, une notion de detail // Bull. de la Société Préhistorique Française. – 2008. – Vol. 105, N 2. – P. 267–281.
109. Slimak L., Giraud Y. Circulation sur plusieurs centaines de kilomètres Durant le Paléolithique moyen. Contributions à la connaissance des sociétés néandertaliennes // Comptes Rendus Palevol. – 2007. – Vol. 6. – P. 359–368.
110. Slimak L., Svendsen J.I., Mangerud J., Plisson H., Heggen J.P., Brugère A., Pavlov P.Y. Late Mousterian Persistence near the Arctic Circle // Science. – 2011. – Vol. 332. – P. 841–845.
111. Spaulding A.C. The Dimensions of Archaeology // Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. Selected Readings / ed. P.B. Hammond. – N. Y.: Macmillan, 1964. – P. 209–238.
112. Suslov S.P. Physical Geography of Asiatic Russia. – San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1961. – 594 p.
113. Teyssandier N. Revolution or evolution: the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe // World Archaeol. – 2008. – Vol. 40, N 4. – P. 493–519.
114. The Paleolithic of Siberia. New Discoveries and Interpretations / ed. A.P. Derevianko. – Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1998. – 406 p.
115. The Susiluola (Wolf Cave) Middle Palaeolithic Site Occurrence in Ostrobothnia, Finland. National Board of Antiquities Finland. – 1999–2003. – URL: http://nba.fi/ ARCHAEOL/RESEARCH/susieng.htm
116. Tuffreau A., Marcy J.-L. Les premiers habitants du Pas-de-Calais. – Pas-de-Calais: Conseil Général, 1988. – 46 p.
117. Turner E. Middle and Late Pleistocene Macrofaunas of the Neuwied Basin Region (Rhineland-Palatinate) of West Germany. – Mainz: J. des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 1990. – 403 p.
118. Ukkonen P., Lunkka J.P., Jungner H., Donner H. New radiocarbon dates from Finnish mammoths indicate large ice-free areas in Fennoscandia during Middle Weichselian // J. of Quaternary Sci. – 1999. – Vol. 14, N 7. – P. 711–714.
119. Vassil’ev S.A. The Late Paleolithic of the Yenisei: A New Outline // J. of World Prehistory. – 1992. – Vol. 6, N 3. – P. 337–383.
120. Vassil’ev S.A., Kuzmin Y.V., Orlova L.A., Dementiev V.N. Radiocarbon-based chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia and its relevance to the peopling of the New World // Radiocarbon. – 2002. – Vol. 44, N 2. – P. 503–530.
121. Vassil’ev S.A., Semenov V.A. Pehistory of Upper Yenisei area (Southern Siberia) // J. of World Prehistory. – 1993. – Vol. 7, N 2. – P. 213–242.
122. Velichko A.A. Geoecology of the Mousterian in East Europe and the adjacent areas // L’Homme de Néandertal. – Liège: E.R.A.U.L., 1988. – Vol. 2: L’Environnement / ed. M. Otte, N 29. – P. 181–206.
123. Vishnyatsky L.B. The Paleolithic of Central Asia // J. of World Prehistory. – 1999. – Vol. 13, N 1. – P. 69–122.
124. Vishnyatsky L.B. How Many Core Areas? The “Upper Paleolithic Revolution” in an East Eurasian Perspective // J. of the Israel Prehistoric Soc. – 2005. – Vol. 35. – P. 143–158.
125. Walker M.J., López-Martínez M., Carrión-García J.S., Rodríguez-Estrella T., San-Nicolás del Toro M., Schwenninger J.-L., López-Jiménez A., Ortega-Rodrigáñez J., Haber-Uriarte M., Polo-Camacho J.-L., Garcia-Tores J., Campillo-Boj M., Avilés-Fernández A., Zack W. Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (Murcia, Spain): A late Early Pleistocene hominin site with an “Acheuleo-Levalloiso-Mousteroid” Palaeolithic assemblage // Quaternary Intern. – 2013. – Vol. 294. – P. 135–159.
126. Wright J.V. Early Palaeo-Eskimo Culture (Précis, Chapter 21). Middle Palaeo-Eskimo Culture (Précis, Chapter 30) // A History of the Native People of Canada / ed. J.V. Wright. Vol. I: (10,000 to 1,000 B.C.). – Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2001. – P. 540–566.
127. Yongqiu W., Zhiju C., Gengnian L., Daokai G., Jiarun Y., Qinghai X., Qiqing P. Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the Kunlun Pass area and uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau // Geomorphology. – 2001. – Vol. 36. – P. 203–216.
128. Zeuner F.E. A History of Domesticated Animals. – N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1963. – 560 p.
For citation:
Rolland N. THE PLEISTOCENE PEOPLING OF THE NORTH: PALEOLITHIC MILESTONES AND THRESHOLDS HORIZONS IN NORTHERN EURASIAPART II: THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC HUMAN BIOGEOGRAPHIC REALM. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2015;43(4):3-18. (In Russ.)
Views: 216
Email this article 