Preview

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

Advanced search

Early Iron Age Carpenter Tools from the Altai and Adjacent Territories

https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.1.110-119

Abstract

This article deals with the functional attribution of Early Iron Age woodworking tools from the Altai and adjacent areas. Finds come from burials, settlements, and hoards; some are random. The attribution was based on the analysis of traces left by tools on the surfaces ofwooden items. The methods were both traditional and special (use-wear, typological, and experimental), enabling one to reconstruct the function of the tool, manufacturing technique, organization of the manufacturing process, technology, and, to some extent, skill. The totality of data suggests that tools were of several types: metal ones used for chopping (celts, axes, and adzes), wooden ones used for striking (hammers, mallets, and mauls), universal cutting and shaving tools (knives of various sizes and profiles), striking and cutting combined tools (chisels), cutting and boring tools (flat drills, reamers, and awls). Results of use-wear analysis in terms of operations (chopping, shaving, and cleavage) suggest that since the Early Bronze Age, three types of processing surfaces with chopping tools have been used: butting, cutting with the grain, and cutting across the grain. Factors affecting efficiency and accuracy of woodworking are discussed.

About the Author

V. P. Mylnikov
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation

Leading Researcher.

Pr Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090



References

1. Abdulganeev M.T. 1996 “Neizvestniye” pamyatniki rannego zheleznogo veka v severnykh predgoryakh Altaya. In Sokhraneniye i izucheniye kulturnogo naslediya Altaiskogo kraya: Materialy nauch.-praktich. konf Barnaul: pp. 128-134.

2. Akishev A.K. 1984 Iskusstvo i mifologiya sakov. Alma-Ata: Nauka KazSSR.

3. Akishev K.A., Kushaev G.A. 1963 Drevnyaya kultura sakov i usuney doliny reki Ili. Alma-Ata: Izd. AN KazSSR.

4. Bekhter A.V., Khavrin S.V. 2002 Stepniye bronzy iz provintsii Gansu i Sintszyan-Uygurskogo avtonomnogo rayona Kitaya i problemy vostochnoy linii sinkhronizatsii. In Tsentralnaya Aziya i Pribaikalye v drevnosti. Ulan-Ude, Chita: Izd. Buryat. Gos. Univ., pp. 73-78.

5. Bolshoy atlas Kazakhstana. 2011 Moscow: Dizain. Informatsiya. Kartografiya, Feoriya.

6. Borisov IB. 1999 Obrabotka dereva. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks.

7. Chernetsov V.N. 1954 Review of Rudenko S.I. Kultura naseleniya Gornogo Altaya v skifskoye vremya. In Sovetskaya etnografiya, No. 2. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 183-187.

8. Chernykh E.N. 1972 Metall - chelovek - vremya. Moscow: Nauka.

9. Frolov Y.V. 1996 Noviye sluchainiye nakhodki predmetov vooruzheniya iz Vostochnogo Kazakhstana. In Sokhraneniye i izucheniye kulturnogo naslediya Altaiskogo kraya: Materialy nauch.-prakt. konf. Barnaul: pp. 91-94.

10. Galanina L.K. 2001 Skifskoye iskusstvo Severnogo Prichernomorya. In Zo-lotiye oleni Yevrazii. St. Petersburg: Izd. Gos. Ermitazha, pp. 164-203.

11. Grach A.D. 1980 Drevniye kochevniki v tsentre Azii. Moscow: Nauka.

12. Gryaznov M.P. 1950 Perviy Pazyrykskiy kurgan. Leningrad: Izd. Gos. Ermitazha.

13. Gryaznov M.P. 1961 Tak nazyvayemiye oselki skifo-sarmatskogo vremeni. In Issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR. Leningrad: Leningr. Gos. Univ., pp. 139-144.

14. Gryaznov M.P. 1980 Arzhan. Leningrad: Nauka.

15. Ivanov G.E., Isaev N.N. 1999 Bronzoviy topor s poseleniya Krestyanskoye IV. In Sokhraneniye i izucheniye kulturnogo naslediya Altaiskogo kraya: Materialy Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf, iss. X. Barnaul: pp. 82-85.

16. Kiryushin Y.F., Ivanov G.E. 1996 Noviye nakhodki metallicheskikh izdeliy iz Shipunovskogo rayona. In Sokhraneniye i izucheniye kulturnogo naslediya Altaiskogo kraya: Materialy nauch.-prakt. konf. Barnaul: pp. 81-91.

17. Kolchin B.A. 1953 Chernaya metallurgiya i metalloobrabotka v Drevney Rusi (Domongolskiy period). Moscow: AN SSSR. (MIA; No. 32).

18. Kolchin B.A. 1985 Remeslo. Drevnyaya Rus: Gorod, zamok, selo. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 243-297.

19. Korolkova E.F. 2001 Filippovskiye kurgany i zveriniy stil. In Zolotiye oleni Yevrazii. St. Petersburg: Izd. Gos. Ermitazha, pp. 64-163.

20. Lukas A. 1958 Materialy i remeslenniye proizvodstva Drevnego Egipta. Moscow: Inostr. lit.

21. Morgunova N.L. 1994 K voprosu ob istokakh sarmatskogo elitarnogo pogrebalnogo obryada (Po materialam epokhi bronzy Yuzhnogo Priuralya). In Elitniye kurgany stepey Yevrazii v skifo-sarmatskuyu epokhu: Materialy zasedaniy "kruglogo stola" (22-24 dekabrya 1994 g.). St. Petersburg: IIMK RAN: Gos. Ermitazha, pp. 166-169.

22. Morozov V.M. 1993 Domostroyeniye u obskikh ugrov (po dannym razlichnykh istochnikov). In Znaniya i navyki uralskogo naseleniya v drevnosti i srednevekovye. Yekaterinburg: Nauka, pp. 192-203.

23. Mylnikov V.P. 1999 Obrabotka dereva nositelyami pazyrykskoy kultury. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.

24. Mylnikov V.P. 2003 Derevyanniye pogrebalniye sooruzheniya epokhi bronzy Zapadnoy Sibiri. In Sotsialno-demograficheskiye protsessy na territorii Zapadnoy Sibiri (drevnost i srednevekovye). Kemerovo: Izd. Kem. Gos. Univ., pp. 151-154.

25. Mylnikov V.P. 2008 Derevoobrabotka v epokhu paleometalla (Severnaya i Tsentralnaya Aziya). Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.

26. Mylnikov V.P. 2011 Rezba po derevu v skifskoye vremya (Severnaya Aziya). Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN.

27. Mylnikov V.P. 2014 Izucheniye arkheologicheskikh derevyannykh predmetov (pogrebalniye pamyatniki Altaya i sopredelnykh territoriy). Moscow: IA RAN. (Metodika polevykh arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy; iss. 8).

28. Mylnikov V.P., Bobrov V.V. 2011 Derevyanniye pogrebalniye sooruzheniya epokhi bronzy Zapadnoy Sibiri. Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, vol. 10, iss. 3: Arkheologiya i etnografiya: 92-99.

29. Nelin D.V. 1996 Topory epokhi bronzy iz fondov Chelyabinskogo oblastnogo krayevedcheskogo muzeya. In Materialy po arkheologii i etnografii Yuzhnogo Urala. Chelyabinsk: Tvorch. obyed. “Kamenniyi poyas”, pp. 183-187. (Tr. muzeya-zapovednika Arkaim).

30. Nemirovskaya E.L. 1975 Obrabotka dereva stroitelyami kurgana Arzhan. In Ucheniye zapiski TNIIYALI, vol. 17. Kyzyl: pp. 207-211.

31. Popescu G.A., Antonini C.S., Baipakov K. 1998 L’uomo d’oro. La cultura delle steppe del Kasakhstan dall’eta del bronzo alle grandi migrazioni. Venezia: Electa.

32. Radlov V.V. 1896 Sibirskiye drevnosti: Iz putevykh zapisok po Sibiri, A.A. Bobrinskiy (trans. from German). St. Petersburg: [Tip. I.N. Skorokhodova].

33. Raev B.A. 1976 Tekhnika fiksatsii sledov drevnikh orudiy s pomoshchyu gipsovykh slepkov. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, No. 4: 213-215.

34. Rudenko S.I. 1948 Vtoroy Pazyrykskiy kurgan. Leningrad: Izd. Gos. Ermitazha.

35. Rudenko S.I. 1953 Kultura naseleniya Gornogo Altaya v skifskoye vremya. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR.

36. Rudenko S.I. 1960 Kultura naseleniya Tsentralnogo Altaya v skifskoye vremya. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR.

37. Rudenko S.I 1962 Kultura khunnov i Noinulinskiye kurgany. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR.

38. Semenov S.A. 1956 Obrabotka dereva na drevnem Altaye. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, vol. XXVI: 204-230.

39. Semenov S.A. 1957 Pervobytnaya tekhnika. Moscow, Leningrad: Nauka. (MIA; No. 54).

40. Semenov S.A., Korobkova G.F. 1983 Tekhnologiya drevneishikh proizvodstv. Mezolit - neolit. Leningrad: Nauka.

41. Soenov V.I., Konstantinova E.A. 2013 Derevoobrabatyvayushchiye instrumenty iz mogilnika Verkh-Uymon (Altay). In Teoriya ipraktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy, No. 2. Barnaul: Izd. Alt. Gos. Univ., pp. 42-57.

42. Theophrastus. 1951 Enquiry into Plants. Transl. from Classical Greek. Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR.

43. Tokunaga Kyoko. 1997 Traditsionnyi drovosek. NIPPONIA. Discovering Japan, No. 1: 9.

44. Tokunaga Kyoko, Itakura Yoshiko. 1997 Mastera po derevu. NIPPONIA. Discovering Japan, No. 1: 10-13.

45. Usacheva I.V. 1997 Kompleks kamennykh derevoobrabatyvayushchikh orudiy epokhi neolita. In Uralskiy istoricheskiy vestnik, No. 4. Yekaterinburg: pp. 118-124.

46. Volkov P.V. 2000 New aspects of research in experimental Paleolithic archaeology. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4: 30-37.

47. Zavyalov V.I. 1987 Derevoobrabatyvayushchiy instrumentariy prikamskikh plemen. In Noviye arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya na territorii Urala. Izhevsk: Izd. Ur. Gos. Univ., pp. 156-161.


Review

For citations:


Mylnikov V.P. Early Iron Age Carpenter Tools from the Altai and Adjacent Territories. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2020;48(1):110-119. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.1.110-119

Views: 476


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 1563-0110 (Print)