Generate QR code
Open Access
Subscription Access
Could African Eve Have Admired the Pacifi c Sunrise?
https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.2.003-026
Abstract
One of the key problems of modern science is the origin of anatomically modern humans and their dispersal across the planet.
Skeletal, archaeological, and genetic studies suggest that early modern man originated in Africa no later than 200–150 ka BP and possibly earlier, given the 300 ka old fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. Having departed from Africa, members of the H. sapiens species began to populate Eurasia 70–60 ka BP. Some experts argue that this dispersal resulted in the displacement of aboriginal groups, whereas others believe that partial hybridization was involved. The previous article published in this journal (2025, vol. 3) addressed the origin of anatomically modern humans in China. The present study, continuing it, discusses a tentative scenario of H. erectus evolving into H. sapiens in the territory adjoining China—Southeast Asia.
About the Author
A. P. Derevianko
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
630090; Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17; Novosibirsk
References
1. Amirkhanov K.A. 1991 Paleolit yuga Aravii. Moscow: Nauka. 344 p.
2. Amirkhanov K.A. 2006 Kamenniy vek Yuzhnoy Aravii. Moscow: Nauka. 692 p.
3. Anderson A. 2013 The antiquity of sustained offshore fi shing. Antiquity, vol. 87: 879–895.
4. Andrews P. 1984 An alternative interpretation of the characters used to define Homo erectus. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, vol. 69: 167–175.
5. Antón S.C. 1999 Cranial growth in Homo erectus: How credible are the Ngandong juveniles? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 108: 223–236.
6. Antón S.C. 2002 Evolutionary signifi cance of cranial variation in Asian Homo erectus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 118 (4): 301–323.
7. Armitage S.J., Jasim S.A., Marks A.E., Parker A.G., Usik V.I., Uerpmann H.-P. 2011 The southern route “out of Africa”: Evidence for an early expansion of modem humans into Arabia. Science, vol. 331 (6016): 453–456.
8. Aubert M. 2012 A review of rock art dating in the Kimberly, Western Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 39: 573–577.
9. Aubert M., Brumm A., Ramli R., Sutikna T., Sapromo E.W., Hakim B., Morwood M.J., Bergh G.D., van den, Kinsley L., Dosseto A. 2014 Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nature, vol. 514: 223–227.
10. Aubert M., Brumm A., Taçon P.S.C. 2017 The timing and nature of human colonization of Southeast Asia in the late Pleistocene – a rock art perspective. Current Anthropology, vol. 58: S553–S566.
11. Aubert M., Lebe R., Oktaviana A.A., Tang M., Burhan B., Hamrullah, Jusdi A., Abdullah, Hakim B., Zhao J.-X., Geria I.M., Sulistyarto P.H., Sardi R., Brumm A. 2019 Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. Nature, vol. 576: 442–445.
12. Aziz F., Kaifu Y., Baba H., Jacob T., Narasaki S. 2004 Discovery of Sambungmacan hominid fossils and its contribution to the study of human evolution in Australasia. In Program of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Tampa: pp. 56–57.
13. Baab K.L. 2010 Cranial shape in Asian Homo erectus: Geographic, anagenetic, and size-related variation. In Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond, C.J. Norton, D.R. Braun (eds.). Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 57–79.
14. Baab K.L., Zaim Y. 2017 Global and local perspectives on cranial shape variation in Indonesian Homo erectus. Anthropological Science, vol. 125 (2): 67–83.
15. Bacon A.-M., Demeter F., Rousse S., Long V.T., Duringer P., Antoine P.-O., Thuy N.K., Mai B.T., Huong N.T.M., Dodo Y., Matsumura H., Schuster М., Anezaki T. 2006 New palaeontological assemblage, sedimentological and chronological data from the Pleistocene Ma U’Oi cave (northern Vietnam). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 230: 280–298.
16. Bacon A.-M., Demeter F., Schuster M., Long V.T., Thuy N.K., Antoine P.-О., Sen S., Nga H.H., Huong N.M. 2004 The Pleistocene Ma U’Oi cave, northern Vietnam: Palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments. Geobios, vol. 37: 305–314.
17. Bailey G.N. 2013 Dynamic shorelines and submerged topography: The neglected variables. Antiquity, vol. 87: 889–895.
18. Bamshad M.J., Kivisild T., Watkins W.S., Dixon M.E., Ricker C.E., Rao B.B., Naidu J.M., Prasad B.V., Reddy P.G., Rasanayagam A., Papiha S.S., Villems R., Redd A.J., Hammer M.F., Nguyen S.V., Carroll M.L., Batzer M.A., Jorde L.B. 2001 Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations. Genome Research, vol. 11: 994–1004.
19. Barton H., Paz V., Carlos A.J. 2016 Plant food remains from the Niah Caves: Macroscopic and microscopic approaches. In Archaeological Investigations in the Niah Caves, Sarawak, G. Barker, L. Farr (eds.). Cambridge: McDonald Inst., pp. 455–468.
20. Bartstra G.J., Soegondho S., Wijk A., van der. 1988 Ngandong man: Age and artifacts. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 17: 325–337.
21. Bird M., Beaman R.J., Condie S.A., Cooper A., Ulm S., Veth P. 2018 Palaeogeography and voyage modelling indicates early human colonisation of Australia was likely from Timor-Roti. Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 191: 431–439.
22. Boivin N., Fuller D.Q., Dennell R., Allaby R., Petraglia M.D. 2013 Human dispersal across diverse environments of Asia during the Upper Pleistocene. Quaternary International, vol. 300: 32–47.
23. Bräuer G. 1990 The occurrence of some controversial Homo erectus cranial features in the Zhoukoudian and East African hominids. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, vol. 9: 350–358.
24. Bräuer G. 2008 The origin of modern anatomy: By speciation or intraspecific evolution? Evolutionary Anthropology, vol. 17 (1): 22–37.
25. Bräuer G., Mbua E. 1992 Homo erectus features used in cladistics and their variability in Asian and African hominids. Human Evolution, vol. 22: 79–108.
26. Brothwell D.R. 1960 Upper Pleistocene human skull from Niah caves, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. New Series, vol. 15/16: 323–349.
27. Brumm A., Oktaviana A.A., Burhan B., Hakim B., Lebe R., Jian-Xin Zhao, Sulistyarto P.H., Ririmasse M., Adhityatama S., Sumantri I., Aubert M. 2021 Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi. Science Advances. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4648
28. Cann R.L., Stoneking M., Wilson A.Ch. 1987 Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature, vol. 325 (6099): 31–36.
29. Chen Y.S., Torroni A., Excoffi er L., Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S., Wallace D.C. 1995 Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups. American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 57: 133–149.
30. Ciochon R., Long V.T., Larick R., Gonzalez L, Grun R., Vos J.D., Yonge C., Taylor L., Yoshida H., Reagan М. 1996 Dated co-occurrence of Homo erectus and Gigantopithecus from Tham Khuyen Cave, Vietnam. PNAS, vol. 93: 3016–3020.
31. Ciochon R.L., Olsen J.W. 1991 Paleoanthropological and archaeological discoveries from Lang Trang caves: A new Middle Pleistocene hominid site from northern Viet Nam. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistorical Association, vol. 10: 59–73.
32. Corny J., Garong A., Sémah F., Dizon E., Bolunia M.J.L., Bautista R.S., Détroit F. 2016 Paleoanthropological significance and morphological variability of the human bones and teeth from Tabon Cave. Quaternary International, vol. 416: 210–218.
33. D’Errico F.C., Henshilwood C., Vanhaeren M., Van Niekerk K. 2005 Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 48: 3–24.
34. Deacon H.J., Deacon J. 1999 Human Beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age. Cape Town: David Philip Publ. 162 p.
35. Deacon H.J., Geleijnse V.B. 1988 The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the main site sequence. Klasies River, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, vol. 43: 5–14.
36. Deacon H.J., Thackeray J.F. 1984 Late Quaternary environmental changes and implications from the archaeological record in southern Africa. In Late Cainozoic Paleoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 339–351.
37. Demeter F., Bacon A.-M., Nguyen K.T., Long V.T., Duringer P., Rousse S., Coppens Y., Matsumura H., Dodo Y., Nguyen M.H., Tomoko A. 2005 Discovery of a second human molar and cranium fragment in the Late Middle to Late Pleistocene cave of Ma U’Oi (northern Vietnam). Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 48: 393–402.
38. Demeter F., Bacon A.-M., Thuy N.K., Long V.T., Matsumura H., Nga H.H., Schuster M., Huong N.M., Coppens Y. 2004 An archaic Homo molar from northern Vietnam. Current Anthropology, vol. 45: 535–541.
39. Demeter F., Sayavongkhamdy T., Patole-Edoumba E., Coupey A.-S., Bacon A.-M., Vos J., de, Tougard C., Bouasisengpaseuth B., Sichanthongtip P., Duringer P. 2009 Tam Hang Rockshelter: Preliminary study of a Prehistoric site in Northern Laos. Asian Perspectives, vol. 48: 291–308.
40. Demeter F., Shackelford L.L., Bacon A.-M., Duringer P., Westaway K., Sayavongkhamdy T., Braga J., Sichanthongtip P., Khamdalavong P., Ponche J.-L., Wang H., Lundstrom C., Patole-Edoumba E., Karpoff A.-M. 2012 Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka. PNAS, vol. 109 (36): 14375–14380.
41. Demeter F., Shackelford L.L., Westaway K., Duringer P., Bacon A.-M., Ponche J.-L., Wu X.-J., Sayavongkhamdy T., Zhao J.-X., Barnes L., Boyon M., Sichanthongtip P., Sénégas F., Karpoff A.-M., Patole-Edoumba E., Coppens Y., Braga J. 2015 Early modern humans and morphological variation in Southeast Asia: Fossil evidence from Tam Pa Ling, Laos. PLoS One, vol. 10 (4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121193
42. Demeter F., Shackelford L.L., Westaway K.E., Barnes L., Duringer P., Ponche J.-L., Dumoncel J., Sénégas F., Sayavongkhamdy T., Zhao J.-X., Sichanthongtip P., Patole-Edoumba E., Dunn T., Zachwieja A., Coppens Y., Willerslev E., Bacon A.-M. 2017 Early modern humans from Tam Pà Ling, Laos: Fossil review and perspectives. Current Anthropology, vol. 58: S527–S538.
43. Demeter F., Zanolli C., Westaway K.E., Joannes-Boyau R., Duringer Ph., Morley M.W., Welker F., Rüther P.L., Skinner M.M., McColl H., Gaunitz Ch., Vinner L., Dunn T.E., Olsen J.V., Sikora M., Ponche J.-L., Suzzoni E., Frangeul S., Boesch Q., Antoine P.-O., Pan L., Xing S., Zhao J.-X., Bailey R.M., Boualaphane S., Sichanthongtip Ph., Sihanam D., Patole-Edoumba E., Aubaile F., Crozier F., Bourgon N., Zachwieja A., Luangkhoth Th., Souksavatdy V., Sayavongkhamdy Th., Cappellini E., Bacon A.-M., Hublin J.-J., Willerslev E., Shackelford L. 2022 A Middle Pleistocene Denisovan molar from the Annamite Chain of northern Laos. Nature Communications, vol. 13: 1–17.
44. Dennell R.W. 2009 The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 548 p.
45. Derevianko A.P. 2001 The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 3: 70–103. (In Russian and English).
46. Derevianko A.P. 2005 Formation of blade industries in Eastern Asia. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4: 2–29. (In Russian and English).
47. Derevianko A.P. 2011 The Upper Paleolithic in Africa and Eurasia and the Origin of Anatomically Modern Humans. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 560 p. (In Russian and English).
48. Derevianko A.P. 2012 Recent Discoveries in the Altai: Issues on the Evolution of Homo sapiens: The Hallam Movius Memorial Lecture delivered at Harvard University. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 132 p. (In Russian and English).
49. Derevianko A.P. 2014 Bifasialnaya industriya v Vostochnoy i Yugo-Vostochnoy Azii. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 372 p.
50. Derevianko A.P. 2018 Three Global Human Migrations in Eurasia. Vol. III: The Acheulean and Bifacial Lithic Industries in Africa and Asia: The Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, India, Vietnam and the Islands of Southeastern Asia. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 572 p. (In Russian and English).
51. Derevianko A.P. 2019 Three Global Human Migrations in Eurasia. Vol. IV: The Acheulean and Bifacial Lithic Industries in China, Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and in the Caucasus. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 948 p. (In Russian and English).
52. Derevianko A.P. 2020 Three Global Human Migrations in Eurasia. Vol. V: The Middle Paleolithic and Transition to the Upper Paleolithic in Africa and Southwestern Asia. The Origin of Modern Humans. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 1056 p. (In Russian and English).
53. Derevianko A.P. 2022 Three Global Human Migrations in Eurasia, vol. VI. Pt. 1: Denisovan Human: Origins, Material and Spiritual Culture. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN. 900 p. (In Russian and English).
54. Derevianko A.P. 2025 The origin of anatomically modern humans in China. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 53 (3): 107–130. (In Russian and English).
55. Détroit F., Corny J., Dizon E., Mijarec A. 2013 Small size in the Philippine human fossil record: Is it meaningful for a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the Negritos? Human Biology, vol. 85: 45–65.
56. Détroit F., Dizon E., Falguères Ch., Hameau S., Ronquillo W., Sémah F. 2004 Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): Description and dating of new discoveries. Comptes Rendus Palevol, vol. 3 (8): 705–712.
57. Détroit F., Mijarec A.S., Corny J., Daver G., Zanolli C., Dizon E., Robles E., Grün R., Piper Ph.J. 2019 A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines. Nature, vol. 568 (7751): 181–186.
58. Dizon E., Détroit F., Sémah F., Falguères C., Hameau S., Ronquillo W., Cabanis E. 2002 Notes on the morphology and age of the Tabon Cave fossil Homo sapiens. Current Anthropology, vol. 43: 660–666.
59. Dubois E. 1898 Pithecanthropus erectus – A form from the ancestral stock of mankind. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute: 455–459.
60. Esposito M., Chaimanee Y., Jaeger J.-J., Reyss J.-L. 1998 Datation des concrétions carbonatées de la Grotte du Serpent (Thailande) par la méthode Th/U. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Ser. 11A: Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 326: 603–608.
61. Forster P., Matsumura S. 2005 Did early humans go North or South? Science, vol. 308 (5724): 965–966.
62. Fox R.B. 1970 The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila, Philippines: National Museum. 197 p.
63. Freidline S.E., Westaway K.E., Joannes-Boyau R., Duringer P., Ponche J.-L., Morley M.W., Hernandez V.C., McAllister-Hayward M.S., McColl H., Zanolli C., Gunz Ph., Bergmann I., Sichanthongtip Ph., Sihanam D., Boualaphane S., Luangkhoth Th., Souksavatdy V., Dosseto A., Boesch Q., Patole-Edoumba E., Aubaile F., Crozier F., Suzzoni E., Frangeul S., Bourgon N., Zachwieja A., Dunn T.E., Bacon A.-M., Hublin J.-J., Shackelford L., Demeter F. 2023 Early presence of Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia by 86–68 kyr at Tam Pà Ling, Northern Laos. Nature Communications, vol. 14. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38715-y
64. Geneste J.-M., David B., Plisson H., Delannoy J.-J., Petchey F. 2012 The origins of ground-edge axes: New findings from Nawarla Gabarnmang, Arnhem Land (Australia) and global implications for the evolution of fully modern humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol. 22 (1): 1–17.
65. Gilbertson D., Bird M., Hunt C., McLaren S., Mani Banda R., Pyatt B., Rose J., Stephens M. 2005 Past human activity and geomorphological change in a guano-rich tropical cave mouth: Initial interpretations of the Late Quaternary succession in the Great Cave of Niah, Sarawak. Asian Perspectives, vol. 44 (1): 16–41.
66. González A.M., Larruga J.M., Abu-Amero Kh.K., Yufei Shi, Pestano J., Cabrera V.M. 2007 Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backfl ow to Africa. BMC Genomics, vol. 8: 223–235.
67. Goren-Inbar N., Alperson-Afi l N., Sharon G., Herzlinger G. 2018 The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Yaʼaqov. Vol. 4: The Lithic Assemblages. Dordrecht: Springer. 461 p. (Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology).
68. Groube L., Chappell J., Muke J., Price D. 1986 A 40,000 year old occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature, vol. 324: 453–455. Groucutt H.S., Grün R., Zalmout I.A.S., Drake N.A., Armitage S.J., Candy I., Clark-Wilson R., Louys J., Breeze P.S., Duval M., Buck L.T., Kivell T.L., Pomeroy E., Stephens N.B., Stock J.T., Stewart M., Price G.J., Kinsley L., Wing Wai Sung, Alsharekh A., Al Omari A., Zahir M., Memesh A.M., Abdulshakoor A.J., Al-Masari A.M., Bahameem A.A., Al Murayyi K.M.S., Zahrani B., Scerri E.L.M., Petraglia M.D. 2018 Homo sapiens in Arabia by 85,000 years ago. Nature Ecology and Evolution, vol. 2: 800–809.
69. Groucutt H.S., White T.S., Scerri E.M.L., Andrieux E., Clark-Wilson R., Breeze P.S., Armitage S.J., Stewart M., Drake N., Louys J., Price G.J., Duval M., Parton A., Candy I., Carleton W.C., Shipton C., Jennings R.P., Zahir M., Blinkhorn J., Blockley S., Al-Omari A., Alsharekh A.M., Petraglia M.D. 2021 Multiple hominin dispersals into Southwest Asia over the past 400,000 years. Nature, vol. 597: 376–380.
70. Grün R., Beaumont P.B. 2001 Border Cave revisited: A revised ESR chronology. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 40 (4): 467–482.
71. Habgood Ph.J., Franklin N.R. 2008 The revolution that didn’t arrive : A review of Pleistocene Sahul. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 55: 187–222.
72. Hammer M.F., Karafet T., Rasanayagam A., Wood E.T., Altheide T.K., Jenkins T., Griffiths R.C., Templeton A.R., Zegura S.L. 1998 Out of Africa and back again: A nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 15: 427–441.
73. Harrisson B. 1959 Cave of bones – new finds, 1959. Sarawak Museum Journal. New Ser. 13/14, vol. 9: 164–178.
74. Harrisson B. 1967 A classification of Stone Age burials from Niah Great Cave, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal, vol. 15 (N.S. 30/31): 126–200.
75. Harrisson T. 1959 Radiocarbon datings from Niah: A note. Sarawak Museum Journal. N.S. 13/14, vol. 9: 136–142.
76. Harrisson T. 1965 50,000 years of Stone Age culture in Borneo. Smithsonian Institute Annual Reports, vol. 964: 521–530.
77. Harrisson T. 1970 The prehistory of Borneo. Asian Perspectives, vol. 13: 17–45.
78. Hawks J., Oh St., Hunley K., Dobson S., Cabana G., Dayalu P., Wolpoff M. 2000 An Australasian test of the recent African origin theory using the WLH-50 calvarium. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 39: 1–22.
79. Henshilwood Ch.S., d’Errico F., Marean C.W., Milo R.G., Yates R. 2001 An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: Implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 41 (6): 631–678.
80. Henshilwood Ch.S., d’Errico F., Watts I. 2009 Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 57: 27–47.
81. Henshilwood Ch.S., d’Errico F., Yates R., Jacobs Z., Tribolo Ch., Duller G.A.T., Mercier N., Sealy J.C., Valladas H., Watts I., Wintle A.G. 2002 Emergence of modern human behaviour: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science, vol. 295 (5558): 1278–1280.
82. Howell F.C. 1999 Paleo-demes, species clades, and extinctions in the Pleistocene hominin record. Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 55: 191–243.
83. Howells W.W. 1980 Homo erectus – who, when and where: A survey. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, vol. 23: 1–23.
84. Hunt C.O., Gilbertson D.D., Rushworth G. 2012 A 50,000-year record of Late Pleistocene tropical vegetation and human impact in lowland Borneo. Quaternary Science Review, vol. 37: 61–80.
85. Hyodo M., Matsu’ura S., Kamishima Y., Kondo M., Takeshita Y., Kitaba I., Danhara T., Aziz F., Kurniawan I., Kumai H. 2011 High-resolution record of the Matuyama-Brunhes transition constrains the age of Javanese Homo erectus in the Sangiran dome, Indonesia. PNAS, vol. 108 (49): 19563–19568.
86. Ingman M., Gyllensten U. 2003 Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines. Genome Research, vol. 13: 1600–1606.
87. Jacob T. 1981 Solo man and Peking Man. In Homo erectus: Papers in honor of Davidson Black, B.A. Sigmon, J.S. Cyrulski (eds.). Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, pp. 87–104.
88. Jacobs Z., Duller G.A.T., Wintle A.G., Henshilwood Ch.S. 2006 Extending the chronology of deposits at Blombos Cave, South Africa, back to 140 ka using optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 51 (3): 255–273.
89. Jacobs Z., Roberts R.G., Galbraith R., Deacon H.J., Grün R., Mackay A., Mitchell P.J., Vogelsang R., Wadley L. 2008a Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for human behavior and dispersal. Science, vol. 322: 733–735.
90. Jacobs Z., Wintle A.G., Duller G.A.T., Roberts R.G., Wadley L. 2008b New ages for the post-Howiesons Poort, late and final Middle Stone Age at Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 35: 1790–1807.
91. Jacobs Z., Wintle A.G., Duller G.A.T. 2003 Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: 1 – multiple grain data. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 44: 599–625.
92. James H.V.A. 2007 The emergence of modern human behavior in South Asia : A review of the current evidence and discussion of its possible implications. In The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia, M.D. Petraglia, B. Allchin (eds.). Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 201–227.
93. James H.V.A., Petraglia M.D. 2005 Modern human origins and the evolution of behavior in the Later Pleistocene Record of South Asia. Current Anthropology, vol. 46, suppl.: S3–S27.
94. James H.V.A., Petraglia M.D. 2009 The Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in South Asia and its implications for hominin cognition and dispersal. In Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods, Theories, and Interpretations, M. Camps, P.R. Chauhan (eds.). Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, pp. 255–264.
95. Kahlke Н.-D. 1965 Neue Funde von Urmenschen-Resten in Ostasien. In Natur und Museum, vol. 93 (3). Frankfurt: pp. 109–115.
96. Kahlke H.-D. 1973 A review of the Pleistocene history of the Orangutan (Pongo Lacepede 1799). Asian Perspectives, vol. 1: 5–14.
97. Kahlke H.-D., Nguyen Van Nghia. 1965 Preliminary report. Paleontological and anthropological research in North Vietnam, 1963–1964. In Tin Tuc Dong Khoa Hoc, No. 5. Hanoi: pp. 15–33.
98. Kaifu Y. 2017 Archaic hominin populations in Asia before the arrival of modern humans: Their phylogeny and implications for the ‘southern Denisovans’. Current Anthropology, vol. 58, suppl. 17: S418–S433.
99. Kaifu Y., Aziz F., Indriati E., Jacob T., Kurniawan I., Baba H. 2008 Cranial morphology of Javanese Homo erectus: New evidence for continuous evolution, specialization, and terminal extinction. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 55 (4): 551–580.
100. Kaifu Y., Baba H., Aziz F., Indriati E., Schrenk F., Jacob T. 2005 Taxonomic affinities and evolutionary history of the Early Pleistocene hominids of Java: Dentognathic evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 128 (4): 709–726.
101. Kaifu Y., Indriati E., Aziz F., Kurniawan I., Baba H. 2010 Cranial morphology and variation of the earliest Indonesian hominids. In Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond, C.J. Norton, D.R. Braun (eds.). Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 143–157.
102. Kaifu Y., Kurniawan I., Kubo D., Sudiyabudi E., Putro G.P., Prasanti E., Aziz F., Baba H. 2015 Homo erectus calvaria from Ngawi (Java) and its evolutionary implications. Anthropological Science, vol. 123: 161–176.
103. Kennedy K.A.R. 1977 The deep skull of Niah: An assessment of twenty years of speculation concerning its evolutionary signifi cance. Asian Perspectives, vol. 20: 32–50.
104. Kivisild T., Bamshad M.J., Kaldma K., Metspalu M., Metspalu E., Reidla M., Laos S., Parik J., Watkins W.S., Dixon M.E., Papiha S.S., Mastana S.S., Mir M.R., Ferak V., Villems R. 1999 Deep common ancestry of Indian and Western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages. Current Biology, vol. 9: 1331–1334.
105. Kivisild T., Reidla M., Metspalu E., Rosa A., Brehm A., Pennarun E., Parik J., Geberhiwot T., Usanga E., Villems R. 2004 Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: Tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears. American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 75: 752–770.
106. Kivisild T., Rootsi S., Metspalu M., Mastana S.S., Kaldma K., Parik J., Metspalu E., Adojaan M., Tolk H.-V., Stepanov V., Gölge M., Usanga E., Papiha S.S., Cinnioğlu C., King R., Cavalli-Sforza L., Underhill P., Villems R. 2003 The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 72: 313–332.
107. Koenigswald G.H.R., von. 1933 Ein neuer Urmensch aus dem Diluvium Javas. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1: 29–42.
108. Langley M.C., Clarkson C., Ulm S. 2011 From small holes to grand narratives: The impact of taphonomy and sample size on the modernity debate in Australia and New Guinea. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 61: 197–208.
109. Larick R., Ciochon R.L., Zaim Y., Sudijono, Suminto, Rizal Y., Aziz F., Reagan M., Heizler M. 2001 Early Pleistocene <sup>40</sup> Ar/<sup>39</sup> Ar ages for Bapang Formations hominins, Central Java, Indonesia. PNAS, vol. 98: 4866–4871.
110. Maca-Meyer N., González A.M., Larruga J.M., Flores C., Cabrera V.M. 2001 Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions. BMC Genetics, vol. 2: 13.
111. Macaulay V., Hill C., Achilli A., Rengo C., Clarke D., Meehan W., Blackburn J., Semino O., Scozzari R., Cruciani F., Taha A., Shaari N.K., Raja J.M., Ismail P., Zainuddin Z., Goodwin W., Bulbeck D., Bandelt H.-J., Oppenheimer S.J., Torroni A., Richards M. 2005 Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science, vol. 308: 1034–1036.
112. Marwick B. 2009 Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia : A review of current evidence. Quaternary International, vol. 202: 51–58.
113. Matsu’ura Sh., Watanabe N., Aziz F., Shibasaki T., Kondo M. 1990 Preliminary dating of a hominid fossil tibia from Sambungmachan by fluorine analysis. In Bulletin of Natural Museum of Science, Ser. D, vol. 16. Tokyo: pp. 20–29.
114. Mayr E. 1950 Taxonomic categories of fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol. 25: 109–118.
115. Mellars P. 2005a The impossible coincidence. A single-species model for the origins of modern human behavior in Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, vol. 14 (1): 12–27.
116. Mellars P. 2005b A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature, vol. 439: 931–936.
117. Mellars P. 2006a Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model. PNAS, vol. 103 (25): 9381–9386.
118. Mellars P. 2006b Going East: New genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science, vol. 313: 796–800.
119. Mellars P. 2013 The role of coastal dispersal in the initial modern human colonization of South and East Asia. In Fundamentalniye problemy arkheologii, antropologii i etnografi i Yevrazii: K 70-letiyu akad. A.P. Derevianko. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAET SO RAN, pp. 238–256.
120. Mellars P. 2015 Some key issues in the emergence and diversity of “modern” human behavior. In Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia, Y. Kaifu et al. (eds.). College Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press, pp. 3–22.
121. Mellars P., Gori K.C., Carr М., Soares P.A., Richards M.B. 2013 Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of Southern Asia. PNAS, vol. 110 (26): 10699–10704.
122. Metspalu M., Kivisild T., Metspalu E., Parik J., Hudjashov G., Kaldma K., Serk P., Karmin M., Behar D.M., Gilbert M.T., Endicott P., Mastana S.S., Papiha S.S., Skorecki K., Torroni A., Villems R. 2004 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC Genetics, vol. 5: 26–50.
123. Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge M.-T., Li H., Racimo F., Mallick S., Schraiber J.G., Jay F., Prüfer K., Filippo C., de, Sudmant P.H., Alkan C., Fu Q., Do R., Rohland N., Tandon A., Siebauer M., Green R.E., Bryc K., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Dabney J., Shendure J., Kitzman J., Hammer M.F., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Patterson N., Andrés A.M., Eichler E.E., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. 2012 A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science, vol. 338 (6104): 222–226.
124. Mijares A.S. 2015 Human emergence and adaptation to an Island environment in the Philippine Paleolithic. In Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia, Y. Kaifu et al. (eds.). College Station: Texas Univ. Press, pp. 171–181.
125. Misra V.N. 1989 Stone Age India: An ecological perspective. Man and Environment, vol. 14: 17–64.
126. O’Connell J.F., Allen J., Williams M.A.J., Williams A.N., Turney C.S.M., Spooner N.A., Kamminga J., Brown G., Cooper A. 2018 When did Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul? PNAS, vol. 115 (34): 8482–8490.
127. O’Connor S. 2003 Report of nine new painted rock art sites in East Timor in the context of the western Pacifi c region. Asian Perspectives, vol. 42: 96–128.
128. O’Connor S., Ono R. 2013 The case for complex fi shing technologies: A response to Anderson. Antiquity, vol. 87: 885–888.
129. O’Connor S., Ono R., Clarkson C. 2011 Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans. Science, vol. 334: 1117–1121.
130. Oktaviana A.A., Joannes-Boyau R., Hakim B., Burhan B., Sardi R., Adhityatama S., Hamrullah, Sumantri I., Tang M., Lebe R., Ilyas I., Abbas A., Jusdi A., Mahardian D.E., Noerwidi S., Ririmasse M.N.R., Mahmud I., Duli A., Aksa L.M., McGahan D., Setiawan P., Brumm A., Aubert M. 2024 Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago. Nature, vol. 631: 814–818.
131. Olsen J.W., Ciochon R.L. 1990 A review of evidence for postulated Middle Pleistocene occupations in Viet Nam. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 19 (8): 761–788.
132. Oppenheimer S. 2004a Izgnaniye iz Edema: Khronika demografi cheskogo vzryva. Moscow: Eksmo. 637 p. (Tainy drevnikh tsivilizatsiy).
133. Oppenheimer S. 2004b Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania: Where from and when? In Pacifi c Archaeology: Assessments and Prospects. Nouméa: Musée de Nouvelle-Calédonie, pp. 54–70. (Cahiers de l’Archéologie en Nouvelle-Calédonie; t. 15).
134. Oppenheimer S. 2009 The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: Africa to Australia. Quaternary International, vol. 202 (1): 2–13.
135. Oppenheimer S. 2012 A single southern exit of modern humans from Africa: Before or after Toba? Quaternary International, vol. 258: 88–99.
136. Oppenoorth W.F.F. 1932 Een nieuwe fossiele mensch van Java. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, vol. XLIX: 704–708.
137. Oppenoorth W.F.F. 1936 Een prehistorisch cultuurcentrum langs de Solo-river. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Amsterdam, No. 53: 399–411.
138. Palanichamy M.G., Sun C., Agrawal S., Bandelt H.-J., Kong Q.P., Khan F., Wang C.Y., Chaudhuri T., Palla V., Zhang Y.P. 2004 Phylogeny of mtDNA macrohaplogroup N in India based on complete sequencing: Implications for the peopling of South Asia. American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 75: 966–978.
139. Petraglia M.D., Alsharekh A. 2003 The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: Implications for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersal. Antiquity, vol. 77 (298): 671–684.
140. Petraglia M., Clarkson C., Boivin N., Haslam M., Korisettar R., Chaubey G., Ditchfi eld P., Fuller D., James H., Jones S., Kivisild T., Koshy J., Lahr M.M., Metspalu M., Roberts R., Arnold L. 2009 Population increase and environmental deterioration correspond with microlithic innovations in South Asia ca. 35,000 years ago. PNAS, vol. 106: 12261–12266.
141. Petraglia M.D., Haslam M., Fuller D.Q., Boivin N., Clarkson C. 2010 Out of Africa: New hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim. Annals of Human Biology, vol. 37 (3): 288–311.
142. Petraglia M., Korisettar R., Boivin N., Clarkson C., Ditchfield P., Jones S., Koshy J., Mirazón Lahr M., Oppenheimer C., Pyle D., Roberts R., Schwenninger J.-L., Arnold L., White K. 2007 Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science, vol. 317: 114–116.
143. Petraglia M.D., Schuldenrein J., Korisettar R. 2003 Landscapes, activity, and the Acheulean to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Kaladgi Basin, India. Eurasian Prehistory, vol. 1: 3–24.
144. Quintana-Murci L., Semino O., Bandelt H.-J., Passarino G., McElreavey K., Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S. 1999 Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Natural Genetics, vol. 23: 437–441.
145. Rajkumar R., Banerjee J., Gunturi H.B., Trivedi R., Kashyap V.K. 2005 Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mtDNA sequence of Indian specific lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 5: 5–26.
146. Richards M., Bandelt H.-J., Kivisild T., Oppenheimer S. 2006 A model for the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa. In Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo Sapiens, H.-J. Bandelt, V. Macaulay, M. Richards (eds.). Hamburg: Springer, pp. 201–224.
147. Richter D., Grün R., Joannes-Boyau R., Steele T.E., Amani F., Rué M., Fernandes P., Raynal J.-P., Geraads D., Ben-Ncer A., Hublin J.-J., McPherron S.P. 2017 The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature, vol. 546: 293–296.
148. Rightmire G.Ph. 1993 The Evolution of Homo Erectus: Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species. Cambridge: Univ. Press. 260 p.
149. Rightmire G.Ph. 1996 The human cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia: Evidence for speciation in the Middle Pleistocene? Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 31: 21–39.
150. Rightmire G.Ph. 1998 Evidence from facial morphology for similarity of Asian and African representatives of Homo erectus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 106: 61–85.
151. Rightmire G.Ph. 2001 Comparison of the Middle Pleistocene Hominids from Africa and Asia. In Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene, L. Barham, K. Robson-Brown (eds.). Bristol: West. Acad. and Spec. Press, pp. 123–133.
152. Rizal Y., Westaway K.E., Zaim Y., Van den Bergh G.D., Bettis E.A. III, Morwood M.J., Huffman O.F., Grün R., Joannes-Boyau R., Bailey R.M., Sidarto, Westaway M.C., Kurniawan I., Moore M.W., Storey M., Aziz F., Suminto, Zhao J.-X., Aswan, Sipola M.E., Larick R., Zonneveld J.-P., Scott R., Putt Sh., Ciochon R.L. 2020 Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago. Nature, vol. 577: 381–385.
153. Roberts R.C. 1997 Luminiscence dating in archaeology: From origin to optical. Radiation Measurements, vol. 27: 819–892.
154. Rose J.I. 2004 The question of Upper Pleistocene connections between East Africa and South Arabia. Current Anthropology, vol. 45: 551–555.
155. Rose J.I., Marks A.E. 2014 “Out of Arabia” and the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Southern Levant. Quartär, vol. 61: 49–85.
156. Rose J.I., Usik V.I., Marks A.E., Hilbert Y.H., Galletti C.S., Parton A., Geiling J.M., Černý V., Morley M.W., Roberts R.G. 2011 The Nubian complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age industry in southern Arabia. PLoS One, vol. 6 (11): 1–12.
157. Santa Luca A.P. 1980 The Ngandong Fossil Hominids: A Comparative Study of a Far Eastern Homo erectus Group. New Haven: Dept. of Anthropol., Yale Univ. 175 p. (Yale Univ. Publications in Anthropology; No. 78).
158. Shackelford L.L., Demeter F., Westaway K., Duringer P., Ponche J.-L., Sayavongkhamdy T., Zhao J.-X., Barnes L., Boyon M., Sichanthongtip P., Sénégas F., Patole-Edoumba E., Coppens Y., Dumoncel J., Bacon A.-M. 2018 Additional evidence for early modern human morphological diversity in Southeast Asia at Tam Pa Ling, Laos. Quaternary International, vol. 466: 93–106.
159. Singer R., Wymer J. 1982 The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: Univ. Press. 234 p.
160. Storm P. 2001 The evolution of humans in Australasia from an environmental perspective. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 171: 363–383.
161. Stringer C.B. 1984 The definition of Homo erectus and the existence of the species in Africa and Europe. In The Early Evolution of Man with Special Emphasis on Southeast Asia and Africa, vol. 69. Frankfurt: Courier Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, pp. 131–143.
162. Stringer C.B. 2000 Coasting out of Africa. Nature, vol. 405: 24–27.
163. Summerhayes G.R., Leavesley M., Fairbairn A., Mandui H., Field J., Ford A., Fullagar R. 2010 Human adaptation and plant use in highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 years ago. Science, vol. 330: 78–81.
164. Swisher C.C. III. 1997 A revised geochronology for the PlioPleistocene hominid bearing strata from Sangiran, Java. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 32: 23.
165. Taçon P.S.C., Tan N.H., O’Connor S., Ji Xueping, Li Gang, Curnoe D., Bulbeck D., Hakim B., Sumantri I., Heng Than, Sokrithy I. 2014 The global implications of the early surviving rock art of greater Southeast Asia. Antiquity, vol. 88: 1050–1064.
166. Tambets K., Kivisild T., Metspalu E., Parik J., Kaldma K., Laos S., Tolk H.-V., Gölge M., Demirtas H., Geberhiwot T., Papiha S.S., Franco de Stefano G., Villems R. 2000 The topology of the maternal lineages of the Anatolian and Trans-Caucasus populations and the peopling of Europe: Some preliminary considerations. In Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe, C. Renfrew, K. Boyle (eds.). Cambridge: McDonald Inst. for Archaeol. Res., pp. 219–235.
167. Tanaka M., Cabrera V.M., González A.M., Larruga J.М., Takeyasu Т., Fuku N., Guo L.J., Hirose R., Fujita Y., Kurata М., Shinoda K., Umetsu K., Yamada Y., Oshida Y., Sato Y., Hattori N., Mizuno Y., Arai Y., Hirose N., Ohta S., Ogawa O., Tanaka Y., Kawamori R., Shamoto-Nagai М., Maruyama W., Shimokata H., Suzuki R., Shimodaira H. 2004 Mitochondrial genome variation in Eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan. Genome Research, vol. 14 (10A): 1832–1850.
168. Tishkoff S.A., Gonder M.K., Henn B.M., Mortensen H., Knight A., Gignoux C., Fernandopulle N., Lema G., Nyambo Th.B., Ramakrishnan U., Reed F.A., Mountain J.L. 2007 History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 24: 2180–2195.
169. Tishkoff S.A., Reed F.A., Friedlaender F.R., Ehret C., Ranciaro A., Froment A., Hirbo J.B., Awomoyi A.A., Bodo J.-M., Doumbo O., Ibrahim M., Juma A.T., Kotze M.J., Lema G., Moore J.H., Mortensen H., Nyambo Th.B., Omar S.A., Powell K., Pretorius G.S., Smith M., Thera M.A., Wambebe Ch., Weber J.L., Williams S.M. 2009 The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Science, vol. 324: 1035–1044.
170. Thangaraj K., Chaubey G., Kivisild T., Reddy A.G., Singh V.K., Rasalkar A.A., Singh L. 2005 Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders. Science, vol. 308 (5724): 996.
171. Thangaraj K., Chaubey G., Singh V.K., Vanniarajan A., Thanseem I., Reddy A.G., Singh L. 2006 In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics, vol. 7: 1–6.
172. Thorne A., Wolpoff M. 1992 The multiregional evolution of modern humans. Scientific American, vol. 266: 76–83.
173. Tougard C., Jaeger J.J., Chaimanee Y., Suteethorn V., Triamwichanon S. 1998 Discovery of Homo sp. tooth associated with a mammalian cave fauna of Late-Middle Pleistocene age, northern Thailand. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 35: 47–54.
174. Turner A., Chamberlain A. 1989 Speciation, morphological change and the status of African Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 18: 115–130.
175. Usik V.I., Rose J.I., Hilbert Y.H., Van Peer Ph., Marks A.E. 2013 Nubian Complex reduction strategies in Dhofar, Southern Oman. Quaternary International, vol. 300: 244–266.
176. Van Heekeren H.R. 1972 The Stone Age of Indonesia. The Hague: Nijhoff. 311 p. (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-Landen Volkenkunde; t. 61).
177. Veeramah K.R., Wegmann D., Woerner A., Mendez F.L., Watkins J.C., Destro-Bisol G. Soodyall H., Louie L., Hammer M.F. 2012 An early divergence of KhoeSan ancestors from those of other modern humans is supported by an ABCbased analysis of autosomal resequencing data. Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 29: 617–630.
178. Vu The Long, Van Zu Hoang. 1981 Zoologicheskiye vidy, otnosyashchiyesya k pleistotsenu, i geokhronologiya otlozheniy, soderzhashchikh ikh, v peshcherakh i grotakh Severnogo Vietnama. Arkheologiya, iss. 1: 16–19. (In Vietnamese).
179. Watson E., Forster P., Richards M., Bandelt H.J. 1997 Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 61: 691–704.
180. Weidenreich F. 1943 The skull of Sinanthropus pekinensis: A comparative study on a primitive hominid skull. Palaeontologia Sinica: Ser. D 10, vol. 10: 1–298.
181. Weidenreich F. 1946 Apes, Giants and Man. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 122 p.
182. Weidenreich F. 1947a Facts and speculations concerning the origin of Homo sapiens. American Anthropology, vol. 49: 187–203.
183. Weidenreich F. 1947b Some particulars of skull brain of early hominids and their bearing on the problem of the relationship between man and anthropoids. American Journal of the Physical Anthropology, vol. 5 (4): 387–427.
184. Weidenreich F. 1947c The trend of human evolution. Evolution, No. 1: 221–236.
185. Weidenreich F. 1951 Morphology of Solo man. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 43 (3): 205–290.
186. Westaway K.E., Louys J., Due Awe R., Morwood M.J., Price G.J., Zhao J.-X., Aubert M., Joannes-Boyau R., Smith T.M., Skinner M.M., Compton T., Bailey R.M., Van den Bergh G.D., Vos, J. de, Pike A.W.G., Stringer C., Saptomo E.W., Rizal Y., Zaim J., Santoso W.D., Trihascaryo A., Kinsley L., Sulistyanto B. 2017 An early modern human presence in Sumatra 73,000–63,000 years ago. Nature, vol. 548: 322–325.
187. Williams A.N. 2013 A new population curve for prehistoric Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 280. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0486
188. Wolpoff M.H. 1989 Multiregional evolution: The fossil alternative to Edem. In The Human Revolution: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, P. Mellars, C.B. Stringer (eds.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, pp. 62–108.
189. Wood B.A. 1994 Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of Homo erectus. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, vol. 171: 158–161.
190. Wu X. 1987 Relation between Upper Paleolithic men in China and their southern neighbors in Niah and Tabon. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, vol. 6: 180–183.
191. Wurz S. 1999 The Howiesons Poort backed artefacts from Klasies River: An argument for symbolic behaviour. South African Archaeological Bulletin, vol. 54: 38–50.
192. Wurz S. 2002 Variability in the Middle Stone Age lithic sequence, 115 000–60 000 years ago at Klasies River, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29: 1001–1015.
193. Wurz S. 2005 Exploring and quantifying technological differences between the MSA I, MSA II and Howieson’s Poort at Klasies River. In From Tools to Symbols: From Early Hominids to Modern Humans, E. d’Errico, L. Backwell (eds.). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ. Press, pp. 418–440.
194. Zarins J., Ibrahim М., Potts D., Edens C. 1979 Saudi Arabian archaeological rесоnnaissance 1978: The preliminary report on the third phase of the comprehensive archaeological survey рrоgrаm: Thе Central Рrоvinсе. Atlal, No. 3: 9–42.
195. Zarins J., Murad A., Al-Yish K.S. 1981 The comprehensive archaeological survey рrоgrаm. А. The second preliminary report on the Southwestern Рrоvinсе. Atlal, No. 5: 9–42.
196. Zeitoun V., Détroit F., Grimaud-Hervé D., Widianto H. 2010 Solo man in question: Convergent views to split Indonesian Homo erectus in two categories. Quaternary International, vol. 223/224: 281–292.
Review
For citations:
Derevianko A.P. Could African Eve Have Admired the Pacifi c Sunrise? Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2026;54(2):3-26. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.2.003-026
Views:
59
JATS XML
Email this article 