Preview

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

Advanced search
Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Architectural Transmission of Mesopotamian Stepped Forms in Cultic and Funerary Monuments of the Mughan Plain (Southern Caucasus)

https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.2.037-044

Abstract

   This article explores cultural ties between Mesopotamia, Elam, and Southern Caucasus, focusing on the architectural tradition of stepped temples (ziggurats). Shrines in Azerbaijan are compared with those in Mesopotamia (Ubaid, Sumer, III Dynasty of Ur) and Elam (southwestern Iran, Khuzestan). A typological and chronological classification of architectural forms is proposed; parallels in the construction, decoration, and function of shrines are analyzed.

   Special attention is paid to the possible routes whereby cultural traditions were transmitted by means of trade and the diffusion of ideas.

   One example is the infl uence of Mesopotamian architectural forms on the medieval shrines of Azerbaijan. The economic background of cultural transmission between those regions is assessed. We conclude that further comparative studies in the Near East and Southern Caucasus are needed to specify the nature of these ties.

About the Authors

M. M. Mustafayev
Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Azerbaijan

AZ1143; G. Javid Avenue 115, Central Scientific Academic Town; Baku



L. S. Nasirova
Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Azerbaijan

AZ1143; G. Javid Avenue 115, Central Scientific Academic Town; Baku



References

1. Adzhi M. 1989 Yevropa, turki, Velikaya step. Moscow: Mysl. 334 p.

2. Akhundov D.A. 1986 Arkhitektura drevnego i rannesrednevekovogo Azerbaidzhana. Baku: Elm. 311 p.

3. Akhundov T.I., Makhmudova V.A., Rakhmanov A.A., Ramazanly G.K., Veliev S.S. 2012 Poleviye issledovaniya Muganskoy neolit-eneoliticheskoy ekspeditsii (Dzhalilabadskiy rayon). Azerbaidzhanskaya arkheologiya, No. 15: 59–65.

4. Alekperov A. 1960 Issledovaniya po arkheologii i etnografi i Azerbaidzhana. Baku: Izd. AN AzSSR. 252 p.

5. Aslanapa O. 1989 Türk Sanatı. [2<sup>nd</sup> edition]. Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. 448 p.

6. Babaev I.A. 1964 Nekotoriye voprosy izucheniya pamyatnikov gliptiki v Azerbaidzhane. Doklady AN Azerbaidzhanskoy SSR, vol. XX (6): 75–79.

7. Baranov N.V. 1970 Vseobshchaya istoriya arkhitektury : in 12 volumes. Vol. 1: Arkhitektura drevnego mira. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 512 p.

8. Dantsig B.M. 1976 Blizhniy Vostok: Sbornik statey. Moscow: Nauka. 359 p.

9. Domokosh V. 1985 Drevniy Vostok: U nachala istorii pismennosti. Budapest: Korvina. 166 p. (Illyustrirovannaya istoriya).

10. Dzhafarov G.F. 1984 Svyazi Azerbaidzhana so stranami Peredney Azii v epokhu pozdney bronzy i rannego zheleza (po arkheologicheskim materialam Azerbaidzhana). Baku: Elm. 107 p.

11. Dzhafarov G.F. 1985 Drevniye svyazi azerbaidzhanskikh plemen so stranami Blizhnego Vostoka. Baku: Elm. 72 p.

12. Dzhafarov G.F. 1986 Borsunlu – pogrebeniye plemennogo vozhdya. Baku: Elm.

13. Gasanov Z. 2013 Sotsialno-kulturniye tsennosti skifov: Drevnikh ashguzov/ishkuzov/guzov. Astana: Foliant. 412 p.

14. Khlopin I.N. 1977 Kulturniye svyazi Sredney Azii i Blizhnego Vostoka. Tashkent: Fan. 86 p.

15. Kurbanov A.M. 2023 Altyn-Depe – drevneisheye kultovoye mesto v Sredney Azii. Arkheologiya yevraziyskikh stepey, No. 1: 107–110.

16. Kushnareva K.K. 1959 Arkheologicheskiye raboty 1954 g. v okrestnostyakh sela Khodzhaly. In Trudy Azerbaidzhanskoy (Oren-Kalinskoy) arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii. Vol. I: 1953–1955 g. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, pp. 383–385. (MIA; vol. 67).

17. Lloyd S. 1984 Arkheologiya Mesopotamii. Moscow: Nauka. 280 p.

18. Loseva I.M. 1946 Iskusstvo drevney Mesopotamii: ocherki. Moscow: GMII im. A.S. Pushkina. 95 p.

19. Lukonin V.G. 1987 Drevniy i rannesrednevekoviy Iran: Ocherki istorii kultury. Leningrad: Iskusstvo. 295 p.

20. Mahmudov F. 1984 Əlikömək təpəsində arxeoloji qazıntıların ilkin yekunları. In Daş dövrü və Azərbaycanda eneolit. Baku: Azərbaycan dillər universiteti, pp. 53–74.

21. Mahmudov F.R., Narimanov I.G. 1974 Raskopki kholma Alikemektepesi. In Arkheologicheskiye i etnografi cheskiye izyskaniya v Azerbaidzhane (1973 g.). Baku: Elm, pp. 23–27.

22. Mahmudov F.R., Narimanov I.G. 1975 Issledovaniya na poselenii Alikemektepesi. In Arkheologicheskiye i etnografi cheskiye izyskaniya v Azerbaidzhane (1974 g.). Baku: Elm, pp. 11–14.

23. Markova A.N. 2009 Istoriya mirovoy kultury. Moscow: Yuniti-Dana. 597 p.

24. Masson V.M. 1981 Altyn-Depe. Leningrad: Nauka. 176 p. (Trudy Yuzh.-Turkmen. arkheol. kompleks. ekspeditsii; vol. XVIII).

25. Merpert N.Y., Munchaev R.M. 1982 Poseleniye ubeidskoy kultury Yarym-tepe III v Severnoy Mesopotamii. Sovetskaya arkheologiya, No. 4: 133–149.

26. Meshchaninov I.I. 1926 Assiriyskaya votivnaya busina iz Azerbaidzhana. Izvestiya Obshchestva obsledovaniya i izucheniya Azerbaidzhana, No. 2: 49–57.

27. Muradova F.M. 1976 Şirvan zonasında aşkar edilmiş işarə və damğalar. Azərbaycanin maddi mədəniyyəti, vol. 8: 93–102.

28. Mustafayev M., Əliyeva F., Nəhmətiva İ. 2021 İmişli rayonunun arxeoloji abidələri: albom-kataloq. Baku: Turxan. 216 p.

29. Narimanov I.G. 1987 Kultura drevneishikh zemledelchesko-skotovodcheskikh narodov Azerbaidzhana. Baku: Elm. 260 p.

30. Narimanov I.G. 2005 Ranniy etap proizvodstvodyashchego khozyaistva na Kavkaze. In Arkheologiya, etnologiya, folkloristika Kavkaza: Materialy Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. Baku: pp. 142–144.

31. Neimat M.S. 2011 Korpus epigraficheskikh pamyatnikov Azerbaidzhana. Baku: Elm. 272 p.

32. Passek T.S. 1946 Dzhafarkhanskiy mogilnik (arkheologicheskiye razvedki v Muganskoy stepi). Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 2: 169–188.

33. Piotrovsky B.B. 1950 Arkheologiya Zakavkazya s drevneishikh vremen do I tysyacheletiya do n. e. Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 2: 143–158.

34. Rybakov B.A. 1949 Remeslo Drevney Rusi. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR. 792 p.

35. Salaeva R. 2002 Nakhchyvan – naslediye kultury Azerbaidzhana. Baku: Elm. 336 p.

36. Satpaev K.I. 2017 Doistoricheskiye pamyatniki v Dzhezkazganskom rayone. Astana: Kazakhmys. 156 p.

37. Solomonik E.I. 1959 Sarmatskiye znaki Severnogo Prichernomorya. Kiev: Izd. AN USSR. 179 p.

38. Vahidov R.M. 1965 Qovurqalada arxeoloji qazıntılar. Azərbaycanin maddi mədəniyyəti, vol. VI: 167–180.

39. Vardiman E.E. 1990 Zhenshchina v drevnem mire. Moscow: Nauka. 334 p. (Po sledam ischeznuvshikh kultur Vostoka).

40. Woolley L. 1986 Zabytoye tsarstvo. Moscow: Nauka. 166 p. (Po sledam ischeznuvshikh kultur Vostoka).


Review

For citations:


Mustafayev M.M., Nasirova L.S. Architectural Transmission of Mesopotamian Stepped Forms in Cultic and Funerary Monuments of the Mughan Plain (Southern Caucasus). Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2026;54(2):37-44. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2026.54.2.037-044

Views: 32

JATS XML

ISSN 1563-0110 (Print)